WEBVTT

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music

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The population of immigrants today is more than 4 times the size

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than it was in the 1960s, 1970s period.

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What human smuggling is and the aspect of El Coyote.

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A large portion of society has been trying to push as

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this is what's happening.  It doesn't

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appear to be happening that way.

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Is there anything that we can do to stop it?

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My opinion is no.

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music

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Welcome everyone. This is CJ 461.

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Youth Immigration and Crime at Western Oregon University.

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And today we have student presentations scheduled.

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But before we get into the presentations I want to take a little time to do a short 

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review of some of the concepts we've been vovering over the last several weeks.

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And my hope is that that can serve as sort of an introduction

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to some of your presentations. And also a little bit of review because

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you got a major paper coming up.  So this is to give you more context.  Ok.

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One of the first things that we talked about in this course is

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the immigrant population, specifically, the population of foreign-born immigrants

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in terms of its size and demographic composition.

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And according to the field research the size of the foreign-born population 

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of immigrants today, is more than 4x the size it was in the 1960s, 1970s period.  Ok.

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And more importantly, when we account for not only

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foreign-born immigrants themselves but also their U.S. born

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children, the total population of immigrants is

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more than a 1/4 of the total population of the United State.

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So pretty significant in terms of size.

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Now in terms of demographic composition where in the 1960s

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a majority of immigrants came from Europe and Canada 

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Today the majority of immigrants come from Mexica and other Latin American countries.

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So, what can we conclude from those really simple but really significant statistical facts?

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Well first, the fact that the immigrant population

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has changed quite dramatically from that prior to 1965.

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And also that it has grown quite dramatically. Ok.

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So this is important because this means

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that we need to pay close attention to their adaptation process.

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And we can adaptation in terms of their 

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educational attainment, socioeconomic status.  

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But also, of course, in terms of their criminal offending patterns. Ok. 

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And this is especially important to do for this wave of immigrants because,

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you know, it's entirely possible that our theories and our understanding

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of the adaptation process of those prior to 1965

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may not necessarily apply to the wave of immigrants today.

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Right? We've been discussing this already for awhile.

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And one area that is particularily

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important for us to study especially in terms of the career and sociopolitical context is

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their delinquency and criminality patterns.

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The biggest question here in recent decades has become...

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are immigrants more criminal than the native-born?

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In other words, is there a link between immigration and crime?

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And we can define the link between immigration and crime as the 

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belief that immigrants themselves maybe more criminal. Right?

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But also the belief that immigration as a process

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even when individuals themselves may not be more crime prone, ok.

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May for example, you know, disrupt communities. 

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That immigrants may take jobs from those that are

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citizens here in the country. And therefore, migration as a process

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may also lead to increases in criminality.

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Now the biggest question here...does the literature

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support this, the research study support it?

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And the simplist answer here is no.

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Research does not support this perceived link between immigration and crime.

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And our Dr. Kubrin and many others

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Dr. Samson, Dr. Rumbaut, many others in the field have put it,

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the answer to whether immigrants are more criminal is clearer

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and more conclusive than almost the answer to any other question 

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related to crime.  Ok. So this is a very simple note.

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And we explored a lot of different studies that look at this specific issue.

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So I'm only going to highlight for the review today a few of those. Ok.

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Butcher & Piehl in 1998, and them Reid et al in 2005 found

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that increases of immigrants into metropolitan areas

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have no effect on crime rate in those areas.

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Also Hagan and Palloni in 1999

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found that Hispanic immigrants are more vulnerable at the pretrial stage

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and that when we account for that in research their involvement in crime

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 is actually less than that of the native-born.

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Lee et all in 2001 finds that immigrations does not

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increase the levels of homicide at the neighborhood level.

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And here they focus on homicide because that is seen as the most serious type of

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violent, criminal offense.

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Rumbaut 2008 finds that undocumented immigrants are on average no more likely 

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than other immigrant groups or the native-born 

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to engage in crime or to be incarcerated.

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Hickman et all compared

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deportable and non-deportable immigrants and found not difference

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in terms of recidivism among the groups.

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And then Rumbaut in a citing 2008 finds that an undocumented 

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population doubled to 12 mi between '94-2005, while the violent crime rate

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has deceived during that same time period by 34%

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and the property crime rate by 25.4%.

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Again this is only some of the studies that we reviewed

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in terms of this perceived link between immigration and crime.

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We also explored theory. Right?

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And what does criminological theory have to say about

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about this perceived link between immigration and crime.

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And generally, we sort of concluded that criminological theories

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were not based on observations of immigrants.

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At the same time, they're not based on observations of immigrants, ok.  

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They were designed to explain offending among those that are essentially born,

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raising and socialized here in the United States. Ok.

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So therefore, they're not very well equipped to explain the

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adaptation or the integration or the simulation process of immigrants 

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but these theories when we look at them individually are able to offer

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some insights into whether certain aspects of immigrant experience

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may lead to a higher or lower propensity for criminal offending.

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So for example, when it comes to string theory,

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it has a lot to say about how traumatic experiences of immigrants

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pre-migration, during migration or post-migration

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may ultimately have an influence on criminal offending.

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At the same time, social disorganization theory has quite a bit to say about

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the kinds of places where immigrants themselves settle. Ok.

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Another sort of major conclusion from this review of theories

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was that overall, specifically classically criminological theories, 

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tend to support this perceived link between immigration and crime.

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And this is because they tend to focus

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on the disadvantages, or a least the perceived disadvantages

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of immigrants groups such as their low socioeconomic status,  

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maybe not being able to speak English proficiently,

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having low levels of education or 

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no labor market skills especially within this bifurcaded labor market.

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So they point to those disadvantages and

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they again overall support this link between immigration and crime.

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But as we saw research does not necessarily support this.  Right?

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And this have been termed the immigrant crime paradox.

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Because on the one hand because of the disadvantages

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theories suggest that they're to be more criminal.  

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In reality, research finds quite the opposite. Ok. 

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And our theoretical review was deeper than that. 

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But we concluded that criminological theories on average are not well equpped

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at explaining criminal offending among immigrants

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or at explaining the overall adaptation

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or integration process into the American mainstream.

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But as a group, these studies suggest

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that assimilation should be a really big part of the explanation for 

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why immigrants may offend at lower rates than the native-born. 

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And also they use that as an explanation for why immigrants

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from certain nationalities or from certain, you know, 

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And because of that we spend quite a bit of time talking about

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assimilation theory.  Ok.  And we can define assimilation as

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the process that explains what happens when people from different places meet. 

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Right? And how one group or one individual integrates into a larger group.

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But as a theory, assimilation has been the dominant theory

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that explains both the process of becoming American

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and also how this process, ok, the process of

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adaption or assimilation influences different kinds of outcomes for immigrants 

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including education, socioeconomic status and of course,

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delinquency or criminality.  

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Traditional notions of assimilation suggested that

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that assimilation is inevitable and immigrants become eventually

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unrecognizable from other individuals in that society.

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And also that assimilation is always desirable.

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In other words, it always leads to upward mobility for immigrants 

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But one thing that we noted here is that this prior

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notions of assimilation were based again on observations of a population

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prior to 1965, a population of immigrants prior to 1965,

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which was very different from immigrants today. Ok.

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And also the sociopolitical or perhaps more importantly,

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the economic context was very different. Ok.

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And because of that there was a pretty major 

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advancement to this theory in 1993. Ok.

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And In this article by Portes and Zhou, they coined the term

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segmented assimilation and the main

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tenet of segmented assimilation theory is that there's more than

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one possible path for assimilation.

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And that assimilation doesn't alway equal

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upward mobility or mobility for the middle-class. Right?

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That assimilation can actually be segmented.

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Immigrants can assimilate into the underclass even. Right? 

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The criminal underclass, if you will.

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Now within, an important point is that within this framework, 

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criminal offending or delinquency is regarded as a key

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indicator of downward assimilation.

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And therefore, the factors that are likely to lead a particular

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immigrant group downward are also factors that are likely to lead

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this group or this individual to a higher

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propensity for criminal offending.

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Now the biggest question in terms of the theory,

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what leads a particular immigrant or immigrant group

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to assimilate into any given segment of society?

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And according to the theory, it's a combination of individual and structural level factors.

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Ok. And individual level factors can be things like

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education, aspiration for the future, the place they were born,

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the length or residency in the country.  

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Structural level factors can be things like

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the family's socioeconomic status, 

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the place where they settle, etc. etc.

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Now we also went over 2 major tests of segmented assimilation theory

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based on data from children of immigrants longitudinal study. 

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There were 2 primary samples, one in Florida, one in California. 

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And we reviewed this in quite a bit of detail. 

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The biggest conclusion from both of these samples was that the children

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of immigrants are doing relatively well, in terms of education, employment

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and even in terms of crime and arrest data.

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But when we take a closer look, the data also revealed  

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that a sizable minority is not doing so well.

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They are falling behind educationally, economically, having children prematurely

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and in the worst of cases, they are already in jail.

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And if you guys remember it was very easy to see that this

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this groups were sort of organized by nationality.

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Right. So in the Florida sample

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Um, you know, it was Cubans  

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especially private-school Cubans that were at the top

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And then Hatians or West Indians were at the bottom.

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In the California sample it was a different group.  

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Mexicans were at the bottom, where as Chinese and other Asian

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immigrants were at the top of the hierarcy.

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Just to give you a couple of example here,

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In Florida, compared with an average arrest rate of 6.4%

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only 3% of private-school Cubans reported being arrested.

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But that figure jumped to 6% for public-school Cubans almost 

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triples for West Indians and if we look at males only

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sentenced for a crime the difference is even wider.  

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From 3% for middle-class Cubands

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all the way to 20% for West Indians.

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So again you can see the differences here.

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Another major conclusion aside from

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these differences in terms of the nationality is that 

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regardless of nationality, certain characteristics

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dramatically increase that changes of negative outcomes and downward mobility.

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Ok. And outcomes here can include things like

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arrest or incarceration. And this characteristics according to both of these tests, 

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again in the Florida and California samples, include

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parental socioeconomic status and other familial characteristics such as 

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their education, also their individual level of education and aspirationsf fo the future, 

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the place where they settle and the color of their skin.

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For immigrants, according to the authors and according to this study,

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context is destiny.  And this refers to the context that immigrants encounter

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when they are here in the United States.

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Ok. And this context seems to primarily include the advantages and disadvantages

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of parents and family, their school experiences and outcomes,

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and of course, the place where they settle, and the race.  Ok. 

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Now based on those broad findings, 

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we started to move onto a finer grade analysis of what influences

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in criminal offending among immigrant groups.

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But we also looked at studies that factors are inextricably tied 

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to offending.  And this is primarily education and again variables

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that are related to the family.  And that's kind of where the course is at, at this point.

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So I don't want to take any more time because I want to make sure you guys have enough time to present.

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So my topic was

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the effect of detention and deportation on mixed-status Latino families.

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So the 2 articles that I looked at were 

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this first one, impact of deportation on Latino immigrant children and families.

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This one actually did a study.  And then 

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the 2nd article right down here looked like the previous literature and 

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provided some background information like who the undocumented population is,

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and who is typically deported.

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So some background information on the undocumented population and who's impacted...

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As of 2012, 11.7 million undocumented immigrants are in the U.S.

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And roughly just a little over half 

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And then another 22% were from other Latin American countries.

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And the majority of those who were deported were from Latin American countries 

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which makes sense because they make up the bulk of the undocumented population.

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However, 89% were of Mexican origin which is

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pretty big findings considering they only take up 56%

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of the undocumented, ah, those unauthorized.

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This is important because as Omar just said 

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the past research on the undocumented population shows that

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they're no more crime prone that other immigrant groups or the native U.S. born. 

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So some effects of detention and deportation on migrant children...

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Research has documented that children who experience multiple risks

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such as family disruption, low socioeconomic status and high parental stress

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are more prone to behavioral and emotional problems later in life.

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And that a parents detention and/or deportation 

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might exacerbate these problems.

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This is important because when we think of outcomes for immigrants

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and their children such as arrest and incarceration.

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This is especially true when we look at

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the populations and whose most affected by deportation.

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So as I just said, 56% of the unauthorized population are from Mexico.

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Yet they account for 89% of those deported.

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And, oh, how that might be related to a segmented assimilation.

00:17:06.000 --> 00:17:09.000
Some research finding on the short- and long term

00:17:09.000 --> 00:17:13.000
impact of parental detention and deportation on children and family.

00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:16.000
Deportation often involves detioration

00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:19.000
of the family members and of the community of those left behind.

00:17:19.000 --> 00:17:24.000
And this is important because as we know being raised in an intact family 

00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:25.000
serves as a protective factor for these children,

00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:28.000
as well as the immigrant group as a whole.

00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:31.000
Research has shown that children with an 

00:17:31.000 --> 00:17:35.000
incarcerated parent in general are 3-4 times more likely 

00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:37.000
than those who do not have an incarcerated parent 

00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:40.000
to engage in delinquent behavior.

00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:43.000
And that some long term effects are higher unemployment rates

00:17:43.000 --> 00:17:45.000
and substance abuse problems for these youth.

00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:49.000
In addition, some consequences for children following a parent's arrest

00:17:49.000 --> 00:17:52.000
include developmental difficulties as well as

00:17:52.000 --> 00:17:54.000
behavior and academic declines in school.

00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:58.000
And we know that school and education is a huge 

00:17:58.000 --> 00:17:61.000
predictor of those who become arrested and incarcerated.

00:18:01.000 --> 00:18:04.000
So, some changes in the family structure and stability.

00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:08.000
A parent's detention and deportation often disrupts

00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:10.000
family processes and family recources;

00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:15.000
specifically, income, parental involvement and parental supervision

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:19.000
all decline, while school and housing instability increase.

00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:23.000
A child who has experience the loss of a parent due to arrest

00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:27.000
sometimes show changes in their well-being such as

00:18:27.000 --> 00:18:32.000
they become withdrawn or they might start to show some angry and aggressive behavior.

00:18:32.000 --> 00:18:35.000
And these changes can persist at similar levels 

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:38.000
or even higher in the long run.

00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:40.000
And these changes in behavior

00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:43.000
are important because in one of my other criminal justice classes

00:18:43.000 --> 00:18:47.000
that I'm taking now, we're reading Agnew's text on the

00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:49.000
General Strain Theory.  And he states that traits 

00:18:49.000 --> 00:18:51.000
such as negative emotionality,

00:18:51.000 --> 00:18:55.000
so in this case angry/agressive behavior,  

00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:60.000
may contribute to why some people are more to engage in crime than others.

00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:04.000
Ok. So going back to that first article within their study.

00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:06.000
This study explored the impact of deportation on mixed-status

00:19:06.000 --> 00:19:08.000
Latino families and their children.

00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:12.000
And specifically it looked at how it affects

00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:14.000
family environment and the child's well-being.

00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:16.000
And that the population sample was

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:22.000
were women roughly around 37-years-old. 

00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:25.000
And as you can see, most migrated by Guatemala,

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.000
and then Columbia, Domician Republic, El Salvador and Mexico.

00:19:29.000 --> 00:19:34.000
In addition, most of the participants were employed.

00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:36.000
Most had a partner that was also employed.

00:19:36.000 --> 00:19:41.000
And that roughly 3/4ths had children that were born in the United States. 

00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:44.000
And that the ages of their children, as you can see, they're

00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:46.000
pretty equally distributed across all age groups.

00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:50.000
Participants legal status and experience with detention/deportation;

00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:55.000
Among undocumented participants, there's 50 within the 132,

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:08.000
have either been deported and/or detained.

00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:12.000
So some of their findings in the study is that a large portion of Latino

00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:16.000
immigrants in this sample were directly affected by detention and deportation.

00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:24.000
detention of deportation of a family member.

00:20:24.000 --> 00:20:28.000
More than 2/3rds reported that deportation policies affect how they feel.

00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:32.000
And more than half reported these policies affect their ability

00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:35.000
to provide financially for the family as well as how their children

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:38.000
feel and perform in school.

00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:43.000
So the two main finding for the study were that parents with higher

00:20:43.000 --> 00:20:47.000
levels of legal vulnerability report a greater impact of detention/deportation

00:20:47.000 --> 00:20:51.000
on the family environment and the child's well-being.

00:20:51.000 --> 00:20:55.000
And these were based upon parents self-reports on measures such as

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.000
a parent's emotional well-being, their ability to provide financially

00:20:59.000 --> 00:20:61.000
and relationships with their children. And then for the children, 

00:21:01.000 --> 00:21:05.000
they looked at their academic performance and their well-being.

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:08.000
So conclusions and why this is important.

00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:12.000
The existence of deportation policies and practices has negative

00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:15.000
emotional, relational, financial and academic consequences

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.000
for Latino immigrant parents and their children.

00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:23.000
And this is pretty important because among Latino immigrants roughly 40%

00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:28.000
of the second-generation have at least one undocumented parent and therefore 

00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:32.000
are living in a mixed-status family and are at risk of facing these negative outcomes.   

00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:38.000
And that most of these negative outcomes affect who becomes incarcerated or arrested.

00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:41.000
And then as of 2012, four point five million children were

00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:47.000
shown to live in a mixed status family, so that's a pretty big portion of children that could possibly be affected.

00:21:47.000 --> 00:21:52.000
So some of the importance of findings and conclusion continued

00:21:52.000 --> 00:21:56.000
reads slide

00:21:56.000 --> 00:21:61.000
reads slide

00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:05.000
And this is because as we looked at that Pasall article

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:10.000
By 2050, Hispanic children are projected to make up a third of the youth population

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:15.000
and that right now there are about 2.3 million mixed status families.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:20.000
And so although children born in mixed status families in the US are US citizens

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:26.000
their parents may be reluctant to take advantage of some of the programs and services provided

00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:30.000
because they're, they might fear being detected and deported.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.000
So wrapping it all up, pretty much what I just said.

00:22:34.000 --> 00:22:40.000
This is important because. reads slide

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:46.000
And that Latino children are expected to make up a third of the population in the US by 2050.

00:22:46.000 --> 00:22:51.000
In addition, these negative outcomes caused by deportation and detention

00:22:51.000 --> 00:22:57.000
for the large group of children can potentially have some drastic consequences in the future as I just said.

00:22:57.000 --> 00:22:60.000
And that the findings that deportation affects the ability

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:05.000
of the parents to provide financially because as we know socioeconomic status

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.000
is linked to educational attainment and hence arrest and incarceration.

00:23:09.000 --> 00:23:17.000
And that a loss of an intact family due to deportation is then a loss of a pretty important protective factor

00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:20.000
for these children and the immigrant population as a whole.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:23.000
And that's it. applause

00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:27.000
So I'm Jacob Brookhouse and I'm doing my presentation on human smuggling

00:23:27.000 --> 00:23:33.000
and its impact on immigration within our country. I just found a cool picture, thought it would be interesting.

00:23:33.000 --> 00:23:35.000
So the overview I'm going to go over

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.000
what human smuggling is and the aspect of El Coyote.

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:44.000
Price of the Border, which of course the price they got to pay to cross the border.

00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:49.000
Risks involved of attempting to cross and crossing. Impact of Drug Cartels.

00:23:49.000 --> 00:23:54.000
Why immigrants decide to cross and a possible impact on criminality. 

00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:59.000
It's important to note that human smuggling is not the same as human trafficking. 

00:23:59.000 --> 00:23:61.000
Although, they can be linked together.

00:24:01.000 --> 00:24:03.000
The instinct difference is that human smuggling is the

00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:07.000
voluntary intention to legally cross the border by smuggling,

00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:11.000
which of course human trafficking is not that. Human trafficking deals with

00:24:11.000 --> 00:24:14.000
getting yourself

00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:18.000
getting yourself captured by a gang or

00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:23.000
the cartels and being sold either for drug trafficking

00:24:23.000 --> 00:24:26.000
or sexual slavery and stuff like that.

00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:31.000
And human trafficking is oftenly

00:24:31.000 --> 00:24:33.000
facilitated by those who they call

00:24:33.000 --> 00:24:37.000
as Coyotes, which is just the term they use for human smugglers. 

00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:40.000
Coyotes are not actually a part of the drug cartels although 

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:43.000
they do have to pay a fee for the usage of the routes.

00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:47.000
Coyotes are very well known in their communities

00:24:47.000 --> 00:24:50.000
such as Mexican communities and Central American communities. 

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:55.000
They're an important factor and it's really important that you know the Coyote that you're using.

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:61.000
From Mexico the price from foot can be anywhere from three thousand to four grand.

00:25:01.000 --> 00:25:05.000
And if you decided to use boat it can be by up to nine thousand.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.000
And this is from a 2010 study.

00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:11.000
And then from Central America

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:15.000
prices can be more expensive from Central America due to the 

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:20.000
greater distance having to travel. And that can be provided from five thousand to twelve grand.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:26.000
And that is as of 2014. And there are other means of crossing the border.

00:25:26.000 --> 00:25:31.000
You can either hide in a trunk or a compartment of a car.

00:25:31.000 --> 00:25:35.000
And you can also pay even more money to

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:38.000
get someone to create false documentation for you.

00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:43.000
Or if you're feeling crazy you can even bribe corrupt border officers.

00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:48.000
And each one is more expensive that the other. And it is also very important to note

00:25:48.000 --> 00:25:52.000
that due to ramping up the border patrol,

00:25:52.000 --> 00:25:58.000
these prices may continue to rise, and under the Trump administration, those prices may actually skyrocket.

00:25:58.000 --> 00:25:62.000
So risks involved. Lower the fee, 

00:26:02.000 --> 00:26:06.000
so when you go out looking for a Coyote, it's important to look at the fees that are provided.

00:26:06.000 --> 00:26:10.000
Generally if the fees are very low, the greater the risk.

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.000
Because if you pay a low fee or you don't know the Coyote you're choosing

00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:17.000
they can dump you off in the middle of the journey

00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:22.000
or they can sell you to the cartel or just kill you and take the money.

00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:25.000
The long journey is also a very important factor.

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:31.000
There's a great risk of dehydration and death. On average there's probably

00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:36.000
as you can see there's hundreds of immigrants that die every year.

00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:42.000
The most recent on this picture is 2004 and it says 373 people died by the wall

00:26:42.000 --> 00:26:44.000
or died by the border.

00:26:44.000 --> 00:26:48.000
A great risk is that cartels control all of

00:26:48.000 --> 00:26:51.000
most of the important routes and territories against the Mexican border. 

00:26:51.000 --> 00:26:56.000
And the two cartels that I'll discuss are the Zetas and the Gulf Cartel,

00:26:56.000 --> 00:26:59.000
which both control the border along Texas.

00:26:59.000 --> 00:26:63.000
And of course there is a high risk of getting caught and then deported or placed

00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:09.000
into an immigration detention center until they decide what is to be done.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:15.000
And as I stated there's a high change of the Coyote abandoning you

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:20.000
if the fees are unpaid or anything like that. Hundreds die every year.

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:25.000
There as a state of their seller reports human smugglers selling bargains off to cartels

00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.000
for kidnapping, trafficking and actually recruitment into the cartel

00:27:29.000 --> 00:27:36.000
and smuggling came turning into trafficking  through all of these outlets.

00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:40.000
And for entry they charge a fee and for their usage of the routes.

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.000
The cartels are very well known for kidnapping, killing

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:49.000
the migrants and even the Coyotes who fail to pay their fees.

00:27:49.000 --> 00:27:52.000
And in regards to trafficking,

00:27:52.000 --> 00:27:56.000
the CNN reported in 2017 that along the California border

00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:10.000
And along the Texas border 670 were reported to be stolen for trafficking.

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:14.000
Which I say that can be either by they were kidnapped, they were sold

00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:19.000
or just ended up in the cartel's hands in one way or another.

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.000
And they can be used for different types of reasons such as 

00:28:24.000 --> 00:28:29.000
children slavery, sex slavery or just in general human or drug trafficking.

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:34.000
And why do they cross?

00:28:34.000 --> 00:28:37.000
Most of the information that I've found

00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:42.000
the results of staying in their country

00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:46.000
are, have more of a negative effect than they do for crossing.

00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:49.000
So the risk of staying in whatever country they are in

00:28:49.000 --> 00:28:53.000
are greater than that of risking it for the journey.

00:28:53.000 --> 00:28:59.000
Children want to be reunited with their families. It's very common for their parents to

00:28:59.000 --> 00:28:63.000
try to follow the American dream and struggles to support their family in one way or another.

00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:06.000
And they're generally left with their grandparents and after a while

00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:10.000
these kids of course want to travel by themselves and meet with their parents.

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:16.000
And this leads to a lot of, a mass increase of, sorry, 

00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:19.000
unaccompanied minors trying to cross the border.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:23.000
And a lot of these children would like to leave due to

00:29:23.000 --> 00:29:28.000
many of them being killed by gun violence by the gangs in their area,

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:31.000
recruitment of minors into gangs and organized crime.

00:29:31.000 --> 00:29:35.000
of course living conditions and poverty are an important factor

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:39.000
and of course they also like

00:29:39.000 --> 00:29:44.000
like to be able to achieve the American Dream the same way their family does.

00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:48.000
It's also important to notice, or important to note

00:29:48.000 --> 00:29:50.000
that in areas, especially in Central America,

00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:55.000
most of these families, seventy percent make less than a dollar a day.

00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:60.000
And Honduras is the most dangerous country in the world

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:06.000
so of course they would like to escape that in any aspect necessary.

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:13.000
So Impact on Criminality. Unfortunately, some view immigrants as criminals as soon as they cross the border illegally.

00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:15.000
According to the General Strain theory

00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:20.000
the stress or trauma that they experience by crossing the border

00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:23.000
and the journey itself may lead

00:30:23.000 --> 00:30:29.000
possibly lead to committing crime. It may be a factor but of course it's not a direct link.

00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:31.000
The General Strain theory suggests that

00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:35.000
any strain coming from any source, stress, micro life events

00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:39.000
that may lead to negative feelings these themselves may lead to crime 

00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:44.000
but there are not a direct connection. It's also

00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:49.000
noting that the high fees that these families need to pay in order to cross

00:30:49.000 --> 00:30:53.000
these fees may leave them financially unstable and it's another

00:30:53.000 --> 00:30:58.000
possible link to criminality, but it is, as we've learned, it's not a direct link.

00:30:58.000 --> 00:30:61.000
It just may play a factor into the case.

00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:06.000
For many immigrants, the journey is worth the risk.

00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:11.000
I had watched a video by Maria Elena Salinas.

00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:16.000
And throughout the video she would interview many of the families that are

00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:20.000
that are impacted by immigration or immigrating to America.

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:24.000
And one of the quotes that was stated that resonated with me most 

00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:30.000
is a mother proclaiming the that it's either their children's life or it's their life.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.000
So either they can risk their life by staying in the country or they can leave for a better life

00:31:34.000 --> 00:31:40.000
supporting themselves. And as I stated in the prior slide

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.000
the General Strain Theory, it's not a direct link to criminality but it's the best suited for

00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:52.000
my presentation just stating that there may be a possible link but definitely it's not direct and

00:31:53.000 --> 00:31:57.000
that's it. applause

00:31:57.000 --> 00:31:61.000
So my topic is on the cost of mass deportation.

00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:04.000
First of all, what is mass deportation? It is 

00:32:04.000 --> 00:32:09.000
reads slide

00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:13.000
An individual that gets deported is either due to

00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:16.000
they have a criminal record, they committed a crime,

00:32:16.000 --> 00:32:20.000
lied on their documents or entered the country illegally.

00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:25.000
reads slide

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:28.000
Between 2000 and 2011

00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:33.000
they payed 35.1 billion more into medicare than they withdrew.

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:38.000
And they also payed thirteen billion into social security.

00:32:38.000 --> 00:32:43.000
They also pay an estimated 11.7 billion a year in state and local taxes.

00:32:43.000 --> 00:32:47.000
And that's broken down into seven billion in sales and excise taxes, 

00:32:54.000 --> 00:32:59.000
So legislative, sorry.

00:32:59.000 --> 00:32:65.000
Reform that includes a path to citizenship would create extensive economic benefits.

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.000
It would increase GDP, which is Gross Domestic Product, 1.2 trillion 

00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:15.000
over ten years and create 145,000 jobs annually. 

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:21.000
And also Americans' income would increase cumulatively 625 billion.

00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:24.000
Removing unauthorized immigrants from the workforce

00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:28.000
would lead to a 2.6 percent decline in GDP

00:33:28.000 --> 00:33:34.000
which is an average annual loss of 434 billion dollars.

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:39.000
Mass deportation would create income losses for large and important industries

00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:45.000
such as financial activities, manufacturing and wholesale and retail trade.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:51.000
And if this were to occur, states with the most unauthorized workers would experience the largest declines in GDP.

00:33:51.000 --> 00:33:55.000
And it would cost the federal government billions of dollars

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.000
reads slide

00:33:59.000 --> 00:33:64.000
reads slide

00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:08.000
And also the US spends more on immigration and border enforcement

00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:12.000
annually than the annual GDP of eighty countries.

00:34:12.000 --> 00:34:17.000
The US spends 3.5 billion more on immigration and border enforcement 

00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:20.000
than all other federal law enforcement combined.

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.000
And it also costs taxpayers more than twenty thousand dollars

00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:28.000
to carry out the deportation of a single individual.

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:31.000
So next is How does deportation affect a child?

00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:35.000
And first of all deportation breaks the family unit.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.000
And this can affect a child in ways of psychological trauma and aggression.

00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:41.000
And according to an article called

00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:48.000
Deportation experiences and depression among US citizen children with undocumented Mexican parents,

00:34:48.000 --> 00:34:55.000
the children after their parent or parents are deported showed to

00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:60.000
have the inability to communicate with friends, have financial struggles,

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:03.000
loss of supportive social networks,

00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:07.000
stressed relations with a parent and violence.

00:35:07.000 --> 00:35:10.000
And also the author mentioned that

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:15.000
how deportation of a parent or parents can cause major amounts of depression

00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:18.000
and can have a major effect of stress.

00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:24.000
And all of these emotions and stressors can then result a child to act out and possibly result in delinquency.

00:35:24.000 --> 00:35:31.000
Next would be how the topic of mass deportation ties into immigration and crime.

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:36.000
reads slide

00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:40.000
reads slide

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.000
So an example would be if a parent or both parents get deported.

00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:48.000
This then breaks that strong family structure, which can possibly result in delinquency.

00:35:48.000 --> 00:35:53.000
Being in that strong family structure is essential for a child's wellbeing.

00:35:53.000 --> 00:35:58.000
And then educational attainment, which we discussed in segmented assimilation,

00:35:58.000 --> 00:35:64.000
is living in an intact family, meaning living with both parents and associated with

00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:10.000
high educational achievement. So an example would be if a parent or both parents again were deported

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.000
This can affect a child mentally and emotionally and cause a child to lack

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:17.000
educational achievement and eventually lead to delinquency.

00:36:17.000 --> 00:36:20.000
Next would be Social Control Theory. This says that

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:26.000
reads slide

00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:29.000
reads slide

00:36:29.000 --> 00:36:34.000
reads slide

00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:38.000
and end up delinquent due to the loss of relationship with parents.

00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:43.000
And after a child goes through losing their parents this can cause a child to lose all

00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:46.000
hopes, beliefs, commitments, et cetera. 

00:36:46.000 --> 00:36:51.000
reads slide

00:36:51.000 --> 00:36:56.000
So a child may end up delinquent by seeing their parents being taken away and being deported.

00:36:56.000 --> 00:36:60.000
The child may think that their parents did something bad, which makes them think that 

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.000
they're bad also due to them coming from them.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:09.000
So they may end up delinquent thinking that they're bad.

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:12.000
Next would be Strain theories.

00:37:12.000 --> 00:37:17.000
And the first kind of strain theory was Traditional strain theory, which holds that pressure

00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:21.000
coupled with unequal opportunities to do so leads

00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:24.000
individuals to result in illegitimate means to succeed.

00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:28.000
This strain is the leading cause of crime deviance.

00:37:28.000 --> 00:37:32.000
And if a parent or parents are deported, this can lead a child to be delinquent

00:37:32.000 --> 00:37:37.000
due to not having a support system that they used to have in order to succeed. 

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:41.000
So the child may lose all hope of succeeding. 

00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:45.000
And the next general, or the next one is General strain theory.

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:48.000
reads slide

00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:55.000
reads slide

00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:58.000
And having a parent or both parents again deported 

00:37:58.000 --> 00:37:62.000
is a huge stressor, which stressors are strains, in a child's life.

00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:09.000
This can lead the child to build up different emotions and act out leading to the act of delinquency. And that's it.

00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:12.000
applause

00:38:12.000 --> 00:38:18.000
So imagine yourself in New York, 2001, and you have just witnessed 

00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:22.000
a horrible tragedy, and you now

00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:27.000
are sitting here thinking What's going on, What's happening?

00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:31.000
Could be a child. And then that happens again.

00:38:31.000 --> 00:38:36.000
My topic was Homeland Security and Immigration Post nine eleven.

00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:41.000
That was the video you just watched and you watched the second plane hit the south tower.

00:38:41.000 --> 00:38:44.000
Now can anybody tell me what these are?

00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:47.000
These are the names and legal status of 

00:38:47.000 --> 00:38:53.000
each of the individuals that were on each of the planes that highjacked the planes during nine eleven.

00:38:53.000 --> 00:38:56.000
As you can see some of them have no record at all.

00:38:56.000 --> 00:38:60.000
Some of them have an illegal status and some of them here

00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:05.000
legally and lawfully. How did they get into the country, you ask. Well,

00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:10.000
First I am going to start off with a little background information on the Department of Homeland Security.

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:13.000
The Department of Homeland Security just days after the attacks of nine eleven

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:18.000
the president at the time commissioned for

00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:21.000
Department of Homeland Security to become into effect. The ultimate goal of

00:39:21.000 --> 00:39:25.000
the Department of Homeland Security was to create a safer America.

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.000
To make it more safe for individuals to live and

00:39:29.000 --> 00:39:32.000
due to the nature of the attacks

00:39:32.000 --> 00:39:37.000
the US decided to strengthen its borders and look at outside threats.

00:39:37.000 --> 00:39:41.000
Mainly though, as we've seen in recent years

00:39:41.000 --> 00:39:45.000
they have focused on the southern borders that of Mexico and

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:49.000
the areas past Mexico and into Central America

00:39:49.000 --> 00:39:52.000
or Latin America.

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:03.000
And yeah, that's crazy. The amount of money that

00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:08.000
would be used, ways to strengthen our borders to continuously maintain

00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:11.000
the technology that is used at the borders such as biometric scanners,

00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:18.000
night vision, even upping personnel for border security.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:21.000
Status can depend on many factors. There's 

00:40:21.000 --> 00:40:27.000
legal status where people can come in take the citizenship test, become, get their Green Card, become an American citizen.

00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:32.000
There's also two types of visas that people can receive outside of the country.

00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:37.000
These are, the two that the article I read focused on were

00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:41.000
student visas and

00:40:41.000 --> 00:40:47.000
student visas and tourist visas. Tourist visa allows someone to enter the country and

00:40:47.000 --> 00:40:49.000
tour the country, sightsee, things of that nature.

00:40:49.000 --> 00:40:54.000
And at the dedicated time that they're supposed to leave the country, they're supposed to do so.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:40:60.000
Student visa allows someone to come to the country and go to school.

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:03.000
For this though they are

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:08.000
required to stay at the school they are attending

00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:12.000
and continue to hold certain 

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:17.000
standards to themselves and such as maintaining grades and things of that nature.

00:41:17.000 --> 00:41:22.000
Problem is that with the visas, it's with the program that the visas use.

00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:25.000
the people that are approving these visas are constantly berated

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.000
to continuously approve visa after visa after visa after visa

00:41:29.000 --> 00:41:33.000
because it is seen that they don't want to offend

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:37.000
the country the person is coming from. They want to show that they're,

00:41:37.000 --> 00:41:45.000
America has the ability and showing that they want cultural diversity.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:50.000
The main issue here is that there's no monitoring. 

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.000
There's no monitoring system to make sure that these individuals

00:41:54.000 --> 00:41:57.000
are attending school, if they're

00:41:57.000 --> 00:41:63.000
overstaying their visas. It occurs a lot. One of the high jackers, and I can't remember his name, was here on a student visa.

00:42:03.000 --> 00:42:08.000
But the issue with his student visa, and that they found this 

00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:12.000
was that there was no recollection of him

00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:18.000
being at school, him even stating which school he was going to go to.

00:42:18.000 --> 00:42:24.000
No that could raise some red flags, or it could not. Maybe he forgets to read up on his student visa.

00:42:24.000 --> 00:42:27.000
But many times

00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:31.000
people who are here on tourist visas or even student visas

00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:37.000
stay out their visa and continue to live in America even after their visa has expired.

00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:41.000
Now that leaves a question. What do we do to fix this process?

00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:46.000
It's been occurring for decades. The DHS has been improving its borders but

00:42:46.000 --> 00:42:52.000
even then being able to enter the country on a visa and staying after it expires is easy because of this lack of monitoring.

00:42:52.000 --> 00:42:56.000
There's no monitoring system. They don't continuously check up on the person.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:42:60.000
They kind of just trust what the person is going to say and that

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:05.000
can be naive at some times. You do have the occasional student that does come here on a student visa,

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:11.000
does exactly what they're supposed to do. And then you have some students that choose to

00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:16.000
live here, work and stay after their visa expires.

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:20.000
One of the solution that was posed

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:26.000
were biometric identification cards and these are tamper proof.

00:43:26.000 --> 00:43:32.000
But with times changing and attitudes changing towards certain things

00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:36.000
this may not be the greatest solution. People aren't going to want to have

00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:40.000
to show an identification card every time they

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:43.000
enter a building, leave the country, things of that nature.

00:43:43.000 --> 00:43:47.000
And then the amnesty program, which has been used in the past,

00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:53.000
was also suggested, but this is in lieu with the biometric identification cards.

00:43:53.000 --> 00:43:56.000
Yes, it could possibly work but

00:43:56.000 --> 00:43:60.000
there's more money involved at this point than what is being given.

00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:05.000
If each person has to have a tamper proof biometric card, who knows how much that could cost?

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:12.000
If DHS is requesting 41.2 billion dollars a year

00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:18.000
that could jump to sixty eight or seventy to continuously

00:44:18.000 --> 00:44:22.000
go in, monitor and keep this monitoring.

00:44:22.000 --> 00:44:27.000
reads slide

00:44:27.000 --> 00:44:31.000
The connection with this that I've found was

00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:36.000
that it doesn't matter what, how you're here.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:41.000
These thought that the relationship between crime and immigration has gone up. We have seen in this class that it hasn't

00:44:41.000 --> 00:44:48.000
or that there is no connection between status and criminality.

00:44:48.000 --> 00:44:53.000
reads slide

00:44:53.000 --> 00:44:57.000
And by this I mean the issues of

00:44:57.000 --> 00:44:60.000
how is security being amped up, who

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:04.000
or what technology is being used and implemented at the borders.

00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:09.000
The southern border around Arizona, Texas

00:45:09.000 --> 00:45:13.000
parts of California is what they've been focusing on.

00:45:13.000 --> 00:45:17.000
And it's using nigh vision

00:45:17.000 --> 00:45:20.000
sensors, even vibration sensors where they can

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:24.000
they can actually pick up people walking closer to the border.

00:45:24.000 --> 00:45:27.000
And it's crazy.

00:45:27.000 --> 00:45:32.000
What happens to those that visit family and return to the US after?

00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:37.000
Well there are countries that the US would consider Risk Countries.

00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:41.000
Places where drugs, money,

00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:45.000
illegal paraphernalia come from and.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:50.000
Does it become harder to leave the country? No, but

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:53.000
it becomes harder to enter the country again.

00:45:53.000 --> 00:45:58.000
With the increase of security at the borders, it has made it harder and harder to enter the countries again.

00:45:58.000 --> 00:45:62.000
When someone flies to see family in

00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:06.000
maybe the Middle East or Central America or South America,

00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:12.000
those are considered risk countries. They are countries that

00:46:12.000 --> 00:46:17.000
 have a lot of illegal paraphernalia that come out of them, drugs,

00:46:17.000 --> 00:46:21.000
plants even, certain plants are considered paraphernalia because

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:26.000
they pose a threat to the US agriculture.

00:46:26.000 --> 00:46:28.000
There's bugs even that can pose

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:33.000
threats to the US agricultural system by wiping it out.

00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:37.000
And it does become harder and harder because

00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:40.000
when you come in through customs, then you're started to, you're asked questions.

00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:45.000
What is the nature of your travel, do you have any items that we should know about?

00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:49.000
And just to reiterate the fact. It's just with all the increased security

00:46:49.000 --> 00:46:55.000
through airports access points, land access points and even water

00:46:55.000 --> 00:46:60.000
entering the US has become harder and harder and harder. And the connection that I've made

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:04.000
with this is that

00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:08.000
it doesn't matter your legal status, it doesn't matter

00:47:08.000 --> 00:47:12.000
why you're here. Anybody in my opinion could be considered a criminal.

00:47:12.000 --> 00:47:17.000
Anybody could make the claim that Oh, that's not true.

00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:21.000
These stereotypes that immigrants are the ones causing

00:47:21.000 --> 00:47:27.000
crime and causing rates to go up doesn't have a link.

00:47:27.000 --> 00:47:32.000
Some of the people that were in the highjackings were here legally on student visas on tourist visas.

00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:36.000
And yet they committed that act.

00:47:36.000 --> 00:47:40.000
So it poses more questions on questions and it just

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:44.000
you have to ask yourself at this point

00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:47.000
Is there anything that we can do to stop it?

00:47:47.000 --> 00:47:52.000
My opinion is no. It's going to happen but

00:47:52.000 --> 00:47:56.000
I think it's important to understand

00:47:56.000 --> 00:47:61.000
that the DHS and that certain areas are not

00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:05.000
trying to create problems. They're just doing the best they can.

00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:11.000
And before we can make new laws we have to start

00:48:11.000 --> 00:48:17.000
enforcing the laws that we have and figuring out what it is in the system that

00:48:18.000 --> 00:48:22.000
we can fix. Find the loopholes that we can fix.

00:48:22.000 --> 00:48:26.000
And just leave it up to

00:48:26.000 --> 00:48:30.000
not only ourselves but also our policymakers to fix those problems.

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:37.000
Understanding that is I think the next step in improving the nation's security.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:39.000
The journal article that I will be discussing is

00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:44.000
Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from Secure Communities.

00:48:44.000 --> 00:48:48.000
So what is Secure Communities? Secure Communities is a program designed to enable

00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:54.000
the federal government to check the immigration status of every person arrested for a crime by local police.

00:48:54.000 --> 00:48:59.000
And the Secure Communities is a policy that is intended to increase the

00:48:59.000 --> 00:48:62.000
detention and deportation of immigrants who commit crimes.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:05.000
Before Secure Communities, the government checked

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:09.000
the immigration status of only a small fraction of arrestees. 

00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:13.000
And the goal of Secure Communities is to ensure that every person arrested

00:49:13.000 --> 00:49:17.000
for a crime by local law enforcement anywhere in the country

00:49:17.000 --> 00:49:23.000
is screened by the federal government for immigration violations.

00:49:23.000 --> 00:49:28.000
Secure Communities began on October twenty seventh, 2008.

00:49:28.000 --> 00:49:31.000
But it actually happened over a four year period. The roll out of it

00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:35.000
happened in 2009 to 2012

00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:39.000
by a county by county basis and 

00:49:39.000 --> 00:49:45.000
by 2013 Secure Communities was completely activated nation wide.

00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:48.000
The roll out was determined by the federal government.

00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:53.000
And it ended up leading into a quarter of a million detentions.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:49:59.000
And that figure is just how like the roll out happened over time.

00:49:59.000 --> 00:49:62.000
Okay, how does Secure Communities work?

00:50:02.000 --> 00:50:06.000
reads slide

00:50:06.000 --> 00:50:10.000
reads slide

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:13.000
reads slide

00:50:13.000 --> 00:50:17.000
reads slide

00:50:17.000 --> 00:50:22.000
reads slide

00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:26.000
reads slide

00:50:26.000 --> 00:50:29.000
reads slide

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:33.000
Finger prints were then forwarded to the Department of Homeland Security.

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:36.000
And then the local police can avoid submitting fingerprints

00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:41.000
to the Department of Homeland Security only by refusing to

00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:45.000
conduct a criminal background check on an arrestee, which would be contrary to

00:50:45.000 --> 00:50:48.000
typical arrest practices.

00:50:48.000 --> 00:50:52.000
DHS checks the finger prints against its data base

00:50:52.000 --> 00:50:56.000
and of foreign born persons.

00:50:56.000 --> 00:50:61.000
If DHS identifies a non citizen whom they wish

00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:05.000
wish to remove from the country DHS in like

00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:09.000
is enforcement, which is Immigration Customs and Enforcement, known as ICE,

00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:13.000
notifies the police and takes custody of the noncitizen

00:51:13.000 --> 00:51:17.000
when he or she is released from criminal confinement.

00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:23.000
The results of Secure Communities indicates that it had no impact on the overall crime rates.

00:51:23.000 --> 00:51:26.000
And Secure Communities did not significantly 

00:51:26.000 --> 00:51:32.000
reduce the FBI's overall index crime rate or the rates of violent crimes.

00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:36.000
That figure shows that there was a quarter of 

00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:41.000
quarter of a million immigrants nationwide detentions due to Secure Communities.

00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:47.000
This article related to the first synthesis that we did, which was the immigration crime link.

00:51:47.000 --> 00:51:55.000
And Miles directly referenced two articles that we read in class.

00:51:55.000 --> 00:51:60.000
And the first article was Butcher and Piehl?

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:04.000
Probably. Piehl, okay. laughter

00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:07.000
And in this article they found that immigrant

00:52:07.000 --> 00:52:11.000
institutionalization rates were less than half of those of the native born.

00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:16.000
And the second article, Hagan and Palloni, yeah, okay.

00:52:16.000 --> 00:52:21.000
Estimated that immigrants offended less than native born.

00:52:21.000 --> 00:52:27.000
And basically all our synthesis' or the first synthesis

00:52:27.000 --> 00:52:31.000
like supported that immigrants are like

00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:35.000
not more crime prone than

00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:39.000
citizens of America, and yeah.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:41.000
applause

00:52:41.000 --> 00:52:44.000
I'm Sebastian Ward and I did my presentation on chain migration.

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:48.000
So what is chain migration? So Chain migration is

00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:53.000
generally known as the idea that there's one immigrant, who has immigrated into this country legally.

00:52:53.000 --> 00:52:60.000
And then they are able to bring their family members over from whatever country they came from into the United States.

00:53:00.000 --> 00:53:03.000
A lot of people in society believe that this applies to

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:08.000
just any family member and that they can bring in anyone that they want to.

00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:12.000
And that there's no like regulations and people can just funnel into the country however they want to.

00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:16.000
That's not the case. The actual chain migration

00:53:16.000 --> 00:53:20.000
is an immigrant can bring in their spouse and 

00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:25.000
their children that are below the age of twenty one. It's either eighteen or twenty one. I'm blanking on that right now.

00:53:25.000 --> 00:53:30.000
And so generally about four family members actually come over with that one initial immigrant.

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:33.000
And it's not the huge mass of people coming in and stealing all the jobs

00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:37.000
and other stuff that we've been told in mass media.

00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:40.000
And then there's also

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:45.000
for any of the immigrants coming in that are not direct family members, so anyone who is

00:53:45.000 --> 00:53:48.000
above the age of twenty one who is not your spouse

00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:53.000
and any like brothers and sisters or parents or any other like relationship

00:53:53.000 --> 00:53:55.000
They have to go through their own separate process

00:53:55.000 --> 00:53:58.000
and there is a cap on how many people can come in

00:53:58.000 --> 00:53:61.000
per year, per country based on that relationship.

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:04.000
So for example, people who are

00:54:04.000 --> 00:54:08.000
who are your children but they are adults and they are married,

00:54:08.000 --> 00:54:12.000
there's only like 22,500 people who fit that category

00:54:12.000 --> 00:54:14.000
that can come in per year from Mexico.

00:54:14.000 --> 00:54:21.000
And so because of that there's a huge backlog on the number of people who can actually come in.

00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:24.000
So they're finally getting people who applied for immigration

00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:28.000
into the United States  in 2004 I believe. There's 1996 from Mexico.

00:54:28.000 --> 00:54:31.000
There's like a few other countries that are like 1998 or 2000.

00:54:31.000 --> 00:54:34.000
But a large majority are sitting on 2004.

00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:39.000
So then why change from quota? So initially in the United States we had a quota system set up.

00:54:39.000 --> 00:54:45.000
The quota was basically there's a cap on the number of immigrants period. We cannot go above that cap.

00:54:45.000 --> 00:54:49.000
Does't matter if they have family members. It doesn't matter about any of that stuff. It's just

00:54:49.000 --> 00:54:52.000
there's a set cap. Each country has their own cap

00:54:52.000 --> 00:54:58.000
or just a general cap as well. I don't know. It changed for like certain countries had a few exceptions on

00:54:58.000 --> 00:54:64.000
Mexico could have some immigrants, could have some workers go over the border. That's was a separate program altogether. 

00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:07.000
And then in 1965

00:55:07.000 --> 00:55:10.000
There was the like nation specific quotas so saying

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:13.000
this country can only have this many.

00:55:13.000 --> 00:55:16.000
This many immigrants come in it was sort of

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:21.000
disbanded. It was sort of taken apart by a new immigration bill

00:55:21.000 --> 00:55:25.000
that was focused on

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:29.000
That was focused on just making it so that those quotas didn't really matter

00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:33.000
it was more about skill based. It was more about bringing in people who

00:55:33.000 --> 00:55:40.000
this country needs in order to continue to function and to get that skilled labor into the country.

00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:44.000
And then later on in the 1990s these restrictions were lifted a little bit more

00:55:44.000 --> 00:55:49.000
and then this resulted in the chain migration and the allowing of

00:55:49.000 --> 00:55:52.000
unlimited children and

00:55:52.000 --> 00:55:58.000
spouses to come into the country and then everyone else still has to go through that same process.

00:55:58.000 --> 00:55:61.000
So for the studies and specifically the focus on the

00:56:01.000 --> 00:56:06.000
individual and getting those immigrants to incorporate themselves into society.

00:56:06.000 --> 00:56:11.000
This whole idea like sort of began with the change in the classical ideas and the 1964

00:56:11.000 --> 00:56:13.000
Milton Gordon study was the

00:56:13.000 --> 00:56:18.000
The earmark like study that started the change of 

00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:23.000
looking at what is integration and what is, how

00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:25.000
how do immigrants actually form into society.

00:56:25.000 --> 00:56:28.000
Milton Gordon came up with seven different steps and then

00:56:28.000 --> 00:56:33.000
from that study it continued to expand into the whole idea of the individual.

00:56:33.000 --> 00:56:35.000
And looking at instead of

00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:40.000
each immigrant has to conform to what America is as a society

00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:46.000
they can be themselves. They can be the crouton in the salad bowl instead of becoming part of the stew.

00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:51.000
And so because of that change of mindset towards family health this allowed society to

00:56:51.000 --> 00:56:56.000
adapt a more open mindset about family migration and about allowing

00:56:56.000 --> 00:56:58.000
children and allowing spouses to come into the country with them.

00:56:58.000 --> 00:56:62.000
It's not harmed that family relationship. It's not harmed the child's future.

00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:07.000
So in the modern day there are two major different ideas that are out there currently.

00:57:07.000 --> 00:57:12.000
The first is what Donald Trump is trying to pursue currently which is banning this

00:57:12.000 --> 00:57:15.000
chain migration or family migration

00:57:15.000 --> 00:57:19.000
that is allowing children and spouses to come into the country.

00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:24.000
Donald Trump continues to say that it's a danger to society, that they're stealing all of our jobs and that

00:57:24.000 --> 00:57:29.000
and he also continues to claim that people who are committing

00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:32.000
crimes of mass murder and destruction are

00:57:32.000 --> 00:57:36.000
here because of chain immigration and are here because they had family members in the country.

00:57:36.000 --> 00:57:42.000
A lot of these cases have been proven false on that point.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:46.000
That's his entire like standpoint of they're stealing our jobs and making this country unsafe.

00:57:46.000 --> 00:57:49.000
Because of this chain migration it's too easy for people to come into the country

00:57:49.000 --> 00:57:52.000
And that's that. We should get rid of chain migration.

00:57:52.000 --> 00:57:54.000
However, there's a lot of other people who say otherwise.

00:57:54.000 --> 00:57:60.000
So one major point that people continue to push is that people need

00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:06.000
parents and they need their own children in their lives in order to maintain a healthy life.

00:58:06.000 --> 00:58:12.000
Children who have their parents taken away from them at an early age see a lot of detriments.

00:58:12.000 --> 00:58:17.000
There's a lot of aspects to child growth and just general human growth

00:58:17.000 --> 00:58:20.000
that you need those parents there. You need that support system there

00:58:20.000 --> 00:58:25.000
in order to continue to function in society and to function as a human being.

00:58:25.000 --> 00:58:31.000
And so separating these people because of the possible increase in

00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:37.000
crime and the dangers to society is completely irrational.

00:58:37.000 --> 00:58:40.000
This was a study done in the early 2000s.

00:58:40.000 --> 00:58:44.000
I'm forgetting the name of the authors. I can bring them in at some point.

00:58:44.000 --> 00:58:47.000
From 1996 to 2000, seventy four percent of the

00:58:47.000 --> 00:58:50.000
initiating immigrant population was over fifty years old.

00:58:50.000 --> 00:58:54.000
This means that this population that was already in queue for a long time

00:58:54.000 --> 00:58:58.000
and so they're not brining in more people with them with their immigration.

00:58:58.000 --> 00:58:66.000
Since their children will be adults, their children will be married at that point and it's going to be a new cap for them.

00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:09.000
There was a study. I just found out about this. It came out like

00:59:09.000 --> 00:59:13.000
maybe a month ago saying that

00:59:13.000 --> 00:59:18.000
the family migration is actually the lowest its been in the past decade and that it's been going down recently.

00:59:18.000 --> 00:59:24.000
And so not only are those negative impacts that Donald Trump and that

00:59:24.000 --> 00:59:28.000
a large portion of society has been trying to push as

00:59:28.000 --> 00:59:32.000
this is what's happening. It doesn't appear to be happening that way.

00:59:32.000 --> 00:59:36.000
It appears that since the 

00:59:36.000 --> 00:59:41.000
unemployment is going down and the

00:59:41.000 --> 00:59:43.000
number of immigrants coming from the system is also

00:59:43.000 --> 00:59:48.000
has also been decreasing but there's still more people coming into the country. There's still more jobs that are being taken.

00:59:48.000 --> 00:59:52.000
But there's no real clear link that 

00:59:52.000 --> 00:59:55.000
that I could find or that has been shown to for 

00:59:55.000 --> 00:59:61.000
for any of these things to be happening. And so this whole issue of chain migration really just boils down to

01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:08.000
the safety of society that there's not really much truth of or the

01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:12.000
wellbeing of the children and the and 

01:00:12.000 --> 01:00:16.000
their ability to survive in the world.

01:00:16.000 --> 01:00:22.000
And those are the two main standpoints that society needs to be taking right now on chain migration.

01:00:22.000 --> 01:00:25.000
applause

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Okay so my topic was immigration post nine eleven.

01:00:30.000 --> 01:00:33.000
reads slide

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So Homeland Security was created in  or the Act was passed in 2002.

01:00:38.000 --> 01:00:46.000
reads slide

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Spending on deportations increased.

01:00:49.000 --> 01:00:53.000
So approximately 200,000 people were deported in 2011.

01:00:53.000 --> 01:00:58.000
and about double that in 2011 or in 2001 and then 2011.

01:00:58.000 --> 01:00:62.000
And about half of those people had been convicted of a crime, mostly low level.

01:01:02.000 --> 01:01:10.000
This is a chart just showing the deportation. So it shows that in 2011, 2012 is when it peaked.

01:01:10.000 --> 01:01:16.000
But as of 2016 it's basically back down to where it was before nine eleven.

01:01:16.000 --> 01:01:23.000
reads slide

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Turning local police officers into immigration agents.

01:01:27.000 --> 01:01:31.000
So Secure Communities was created which allows law enforcement to

01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:34.000
check the immigration status of everyone booked in a jail.

01:01:34.000 --> 01:01:38.000
And this made it possible for undocumented immigrants to get

01:01:38.000 --> 01:01:42.000
deported after being stopped for a simple traffic violation.

01:01:42.000 --> 01:01:47.000
New government bodies and policies were created like Homeland Security and the Patriot Act.

01:01:47.000 --> 01:01:52.000
reads slide

01:01:52.000 --> 01:01:58.000
reads slide

01:01:58.000 --> 01:01:62.000
reads slide

01:02:02.000 --> 01:02:08.000
reads slide

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So DHS is responsible for enforcing national security and protecting the US from terrorism.

01:02:15.000 --> 01:02:19.000
There's three subcategories that was created with DHS.

01:02:19.000 --> 01:02:23.000
reads slide

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reads slide

01:02:31.000 --> 01:02:40.000
reads slide

01:02:40.000 --> 01:02:47.000
And the problems with DHS is it moves American philosophy from welcoming to largely deflective.

01:02:47.000 --> 01:02:52.000
reads slide

01:02:52.000 --> 01:02:56.000
Some other facts is the pose nine eleven immigration policy making

01:02:56.000 --> 01:02:60.000
has reflected a cultural shift in American society.

01:03:00.000 --> 01:03:05.000
reads slide

01:03:05.000 --> 01:03:09.000
reads slide

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reads slide

01:03:15.000 --> 01:03:18.000
reads slide

01:03:18.000 --> 01:03:21.000
reads slide

01:03:21.000 --> 01:03:24.000
So the conclusion is nine eleven is really the main thing that made crime

01:03:24.000 --> 01:03:28.000
and immigration an issue or known to people.

01:03:28.000 --> 01:03:33.000
And so increased funding is to deportations, DHS, Secure Communities. 

01:03:33.000 --> 01:03:36.000
And that removing criminals can separate families.

01:03:36.000 --> 01:03:40.000
Turning local police officers into immigration agents makes immigrants scared

01:03:40.000 --> 01:03:45.000
into thinking that they are going to be deported after something as simple as a traffic stop.

01:03:45.000 --> 01:03:48.000
reads slide

01:03:48.000 --> 01:03:52.000
reads slide

01:03:52.000 --> 01:03:55.000
reads slide

01:03:55.000 --> 01:03:59.000
reads slide

01:03:59.000 --> 01:03:63.000
And that's it. applause

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Okay, so I'm Betty Jean and I did my presentation on Criticism on Immigrant Detention Centers.

01:04:09.000 --> 01:04:12.000
reads slide

01:04:12.000 --> 01:04:18.000
reads slide

01:04:18.000 --> 01:04:22.000
reads slide

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reads slide

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reads slide

01:04:30.000 --> 01:04:32.000
reads slide

01:04:32.000 --> 01:04:36.000
reads slide

01:04:36.000 --> 01:04:39.000
Some immigrants can be released on bond

01:04:39.000 --> 01:04:44.000
but that depends on where they are detained and what their status is in the US.

01:04:44.000 --> 01:04:49.000
reads slide

01:04:49.000 --> 01:04:52.000
reads slide

01:04:52.000 --> 01:04:55.000
reads slide

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reads slide

01:05:00.000 --> 01:05:05.000
reads slide

01:05:05.000 --> 01:05:10.000
reads slide

01:05:10.000 --> 01:05:14.000
reads slide

01:05:14.000 --> 01:05:19.000
What they found is detainees were denied medical care when it was needed,

01:05:19.000 --> 01:05:22.000
reads slide

01:05:22.000 --> 01:05:28.000
reads slide

01:05:28.000 --> 01:05:37.000
reads slide

01:05:37.000 --> 01:05:39.000
How long do immigrants stay in these centers?

01:05:39.000 --> 01:05:44.000
On average, immigrants stay up to thirty days in detention centers.

01:05:44.000 --> 01:05:48.000
In some cases they are either deported or released within twenty four hours.

01:05:48.000 --> 01:05:51.000
reads slide

01:05:51.000 --> 01:05:55.000
reads slide

01:05:55.000 --> 01:05:58.000
reads slide

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reads slide

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reads slide

01:06:05.000 --> 01:06:12.000
reads slide

01:06:12.000 --> 01:06:16.000
reads slide

01:06:16.000 --> 01:06:20.000
If they want to get an attorney they have to attain one on their own.

01:06:20.000 --> 01:06:24.000
Reads slide

01:06:24.000 --> 01:06:28.000
reads slide

01:06:28.000 --> 01:06:31.000
About thirty percent of detained immigrants are held in 

01:06:31.000 --> 01:06:36.000
facilities more than one hundred miles away from the nearest government listed aid resource.

01:06:36.000 --> 01:06:40.000
There are pro bono legal aid for those who are facing deportation

01:06:40.000 --> 01:06:42.000
and cannot afford an attorney.

01:06:42.000 --> 01:06:48.000
reads slide

01:06:48.000 --> 01:06:51.000
reads slide

01:06:51.000 --> 01:06:54.000
Some struggles immigrants face when they get released.

01:06:54.000 --> 01:06:60.000
reads slide

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reads slide

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reads slide

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reads slide

01:07:11.000 --> 01:07:14.000
reads slide

01:07:14.000 --> 01:07:18.000
The help they will need are getting attorneys, being able to get

01:07:18.000 --> 01:07:21.000
to their hearings and also be able to do the paperwork. 

01:07:21.000 --> 01:07:25.000
Immigrants will most likely struggle with large amounts of strain

01:07:25.000 --> 01:07:28.000
trying to keep themselves and their families in the US.

01:07:28.000 --> 01:07:32.000
reads slide

01:07:32.000 --> 01:07:37.000
reads slide

01:07:37.000 --> 01:07:41.000
Their whole family then struggles to make it in the US.

01:07:41.000 --> 01:07:47.000
So sanctuary cities. As you can kind of see from the pictures I'm mainly going to talk about the two sides there are to

01:07:47.000 --> 01:07:52.000
sanctuary cities. Just kind of the two opinions about them, so.

01:07:52.000 --> 01:07:57.000
Where are they? So this is the most updated map I could find. 

01:07:57.000 --> 01:07:63.000
I'll eventually talk about Utah as an example and as you can see there are no little markers there.

01:08:03.000 --> 01:08:08.000
But there are sanctuary cities appearing all over the place like they're very common now.

01:08:08.000 --> 01:08:11.000
reads slide

01:08:11.000 --> 01:08:16.000
are actually sanctuary states, so the entire state is now considered a sanctuary. 

01:08:16.000 --> 01:08:20.000
From the article I read about ninety six other counties 

01:08:20.000 --> 01:08:24.000
in twenty one other states have sanctuary cities inside of them.

01:08:24.000 --> 01:08:29.000
Alright, so what are they? No exact definition of sanctuary cities. In most of the articles I 

01:08:29.000 --> 01:08:34.000
looked at it actually talked it actually talked about the fact that there literally is no exact definition. This wasn't just

01:08:34.000 --> 01:08:40.000
different definitions I was finding. It literally said there was no exact definition.

01:08:40.000 --> 01:08:44.000
reads slide

01:08:44.000 --> 01:08:49.000
So the reason there is no exact definition is because there's so many different policies

01:08:49.000 --> 01:08:53.000
that can make a sanctuary city be considered a sanctuary city.

01:08:53.000 --> 01:08:55.000
Examples of these polices or what they do are

01:08:55.000 --> 01:08:60.000
reads slide

01:09:00.000 --> 01:09:07.000
reads slide

01:09:07.000 --> 01:09:11.000
So the kind of fine line here is that these policies usually

01:09:11.000 --> 01:09:16.000
limit cooperation but don't, ooh, necessarily prohibit it.

01:09:16.000 --> 01:09:19.000
These policies can be formal or informal.

01:09:19.000 --> 01:09:23.000
reads slide

01:09:23.000 --> 01:09:28.000
So an example like I said I would talk about Utah. Utah bills

01:09:28.000 --> 01:09:33.000
that were established in 2011 were things like allowing illegal

01:09:33.000 --> 01:09:37.000
aliens to live and work in the cities as

01:09:37.000 --> 01:09:41.000
as well as require police to refrain from inquiring about legal status

01:09:41.000 --> 01:09:47.000
of individuals unless they've been suspected of committing a serious crime.

01:09:47.000 --> 01:09:53.000
Alright so those against or the negatives. This is just one of the sides I'm going to talk about.

01:09:53.000 --> 01:09:56.000
So there are two things that make people

01:09:56.000 --> 01:09:60.000
believe that sanctuary cities are wrong and that they shouldn't exist.

01:10:00.000 --> 01:10:07.000
So one of them is the Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility act that was established that basically says that

01:10:07.000 --> 01:10:10.000
reads slide

01:10:10.000 --> 01:10:14.000
reads slide

01:10:14.000 --> 01:10:18.000
There was also section 1373 a of Title eight of the US Code which

01:10:18.000 --> 01:10:22.000
reads slide

01:10:22.000 --> 01:10:29.000
reads slide

01:10:29.000 --> 01:10:33.000
So the issue here is limiting.

01:10:33.000 --> 01:10:37.000
I'll talk about it in the next slide for people who I would say are

01:10:37.000 --> 01:10:40.000
pro sanctuary cities

01:10:40.000 --> 01:10:46.000
Really the issue is whether this code is considered constitutional or not, so while

01:10:46.000 --> 01:10:51.000
this code says that, basically says that what sanctuary cities are doing would be illegal.

01:10:51.000 --> 01:10:57.000
People's issue is whether they're acting, sanctuary cities are acting legally or

01:10:57.000 --> 01:10:60.000
constitutionally, so it's really just a matter of

01:11:00.000 --> 01:11:04.000
what you put or what they put as higher, what matters more.

01:11:04.000 --> 01:11:10.000
Alright so those in favor, or the positives. So there's two points made here, so.

01:11:10.000 --> 01:11:14.000
reads slide

01:11:14.000 --> 01:11:20.000
reads slide

01:11:20.000 --> 01:11:24.000
reads slide

01:11:24.000 --> 01:11:29.000
reads slide

01:11:29.000 --> 01:11:34.000
But ICE agency can just encounter someone, find that they are undocumented and detain them.

01:11:34.000 --> 01:11:38.000
One of the articles I read talked about

01:11:38.000 --> 01:11:44.000
Alex's case. It's I believe it's more of an example. I don't think that it is a 

01:11:44.000 --> 01:11:48.000
real story but basically it's saying like if

01:11:48.000 --> 01:11:52.000
he was pulled over by police and for something as simple

01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:56.000
as you know a tail light out and he is found as undocumented.

01:11:56.000 --> 01:11:60.000
They can take him to jail, put in his information

01:12:00.000 --> 01:12:05.000
and ICE can find that he's undocumented and put out a detainer request.

01:12:05.000 --> 01:12:08.000
So basically what legal point two says that

01:12:08.000 --> 01:12:13.000
if they can hold him for twenty four hours for this driving infraction

01:12:13.000 --> 01:12:16.000
they can't hold him any longer just so that ICE can pick them up.

01:12:16.000 --> 01:12:19.000
That's unconstitutional it goes against the constitution.

01:12:19.000 --> 01:12:24.000
And so that's the point. It seems like those are the two choices that these cities have is either to

01:12:24.000 --> 01:12:27.000
hold them so that they are obeying the law of

01:12:27.000 --> 01:12:31.000
obeying like ICE agency laws.

01:12:31.000 --> 01:12:35.000
Or they are going against the constitution and what is considered right.

01:12:35.000 --> 01:12:39.000
So current news. Trump administrations has executive orders calling sanctuary cities to

01:12:39.000 --> 01:12:43.000
comply with federal immigration law or face defunding.

01:12:43.000 --> 01:12:47.000
So this is just a map of cities that are facing defunding or have been

01:12:47.000 --> 01:12:53.000
going through investigation and I believe it's still currently going through investigation there hasn't necessarily been

01:12:53.000 --> 01:12:55.000
final decisions made.

01:12:55.000 --> 01:12:59.000
But the debate is whether they violate federal law.

01:12:59.000 --> 01:12:64.000
These federal laws are said to not necessarily discuss ICE detainers making it really 

01:13:04.000 --> 01:13:10.000
difficult to decide whether they are against like violating the law or not.

01:13:10.000 --> 01:13:16.000
reads slide

01:13:16.000 --> 01:13:22.000
So two big things are family in general, family socioeconomic status and education

01:13:22.000 --> 01:13:29.000
We've learned that they affect the likelihood of delinquency and criminality. Like that's

01:13:29.000 --> 01:13:33.000
that's well known and seen in a lot of studies we've looked at.

01:13:33.000 --> 01:13:36.000
So when it comes to family presence in general

01:13:36.000 --> 01:13:39.000
a family matters. They serve as guardians

01:13:39.000 --> 01:13:44.000
They bing finances to the family, so losing a parent

01:13:44.000 --> 01:13:49.000
or both parents can really put strain on children and a family. Like that

01:13:49.000 --> 01:13:52.000
will have a huge impact.

01:13:52.000 --> 01:13:57.000
So places like Utah that allow parents to live and work

01:13:57.000 --> 01:13:60.000
whether they are illegal. I already put 

01:14:00.000 --> 01:14:04.000
families at a higher opportunity for like

01:14:04.000 --> 01:14:08.000
high economic stability. Education.

01:14:08.000 --> 01:14:12.000
This is where I kind of feel like sanctuary cities have an indirect impact

01:14:12.000 --> 01:14:17.000
on delinquency and criminality of children.

01:14:17.000 --> 01:14:24.000
As we've seen, there's a lot of different ways education can impact delinquency and criminality.

01:14:24.000 --> 01:14:28.000
We've talked about just, like I think one of my classmates spoke about was

01:14:28.000 --> 01:14:37.000
that the fear of  deportation can make families not take advantage of educationa; opprtunities.

01:14:37.000 --> 01:14:41.000
And beyond that, we've talked about perceived discrimination

01:14:41.000 --> 01:14:44.000
in schools, so I think that

01:14:44.000 --> 01:14:47.000
the hard thing is whether it's sanctuary cites have a

01:14:47.000 --> 01:14:51.000
good or bad impact on 

01:14:51.000 --> 01:14:54.000
on perceived discrimination in schools.

01:14:54.000 --> 01:14:57.000
They do have an effect. There's the matter of

01:14:57.000 --> 01:14:61.000
sanctuary cities can either be less discriminatory because there are people who are

01:15:01.000 --> 01:15:04.000
accepting or it can be more discriminatory because there are people who are 

01:15:04.000 --> 01:15:07.000
are very against sanctuary cities.

01:15:07.000 --> 01:15:12.000
So this can affect whether peers are more discriminatory, less discriminatory or if

01:15:12.000 --> 01:15:15.000
teachers and counselors are more or less discriminatory.

01:15:15.000 --> 01:15:20.000
But either way it does seem to me that it would have an effect in that way.

01:15:20.000 --> 01:15:25.000
applause

01:15:25.000 --> 01:15:30.000
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