WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:05.000 music 00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:08.000 Western throughout its history is about student success. 00:00:08.000 --> 00:00:11.000 It's also about a transformational experience for our students. 00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:16.000 So with that it's exciting to have a plenary of this type. 00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:18.000 Last year we focused on the eclipse. 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:21.000 Now we have a different set up to talk about power. 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:24.000 music 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:27.000 About our theme this year. Our theme is power 00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:31.000 and I would like to introduce to you Dr. Melinda Shimizu 00:00:31.000 --> 00:00:36.000 from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and the Department of Earth Science. 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:41.000 She suggested and inspired this topic and I'd like her to come tell us a little bit about it. Thank you. 00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:45.000 Hello everyone. I teach earth science here at Western 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:52.000 so in my classroom we usually talk about power in the context of rivers or glaciers reshaping our landscapes 00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:57.000 or the power of the sun to light our world and generate electricity. 00:00:57.000 --> 00:00:64.000 But that was not the kind of power I was thinking of when I suggested the theme for this year's plenary. 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:07.000 I was thinking more about social power 00:01:07.000 --> 00:01:12.000 and how the dynamics of our relationships with the people around us can shape our space 00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:18.000 just as much as the physical walls, floors, and furniture of a building can. 00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.000 Sometimes we use our words as power to shape our spaces. 00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:30.000 Speaking personal truth to people in positions of power is one way of making meaningful change. 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:38.000 We've seen this type of power this year as more and more voices speak up to say 'me too' 00:01:38.000 --> 00:01:41.000 and entire industries have changed how they do business 00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:44.000 not just Hollywood but here at home too. 00:01:44.000 --> 00:01:48.000 Nike changed their upper management team in response to words from women 00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:53.000 who had been harassed and excluded from important conversations and important work. 00:01:55.000 --> 00:01:58.000 Today we're going to hear more about the power of words to shape our lives 00:01:58.000 --> 00:01:63.000 and how the pronunciation of words matters and has power too. 00:02:03.000 --> 00:02:09.000 And we're going to hear words from historical figures that continue to shape our spaces and lives today. 00:02:09.000 --> 00:02:13.000 But sometimes it takes more than words. 00:02:13.000 --> 00:02:19.000 Sometimes the most powerful statement we can make is to leave a space. 00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:25.000 We've seen that this year too as students here at WOU and across the nation have walked out 00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:27.000 in response to gun violence in our schools. 00:02:27.000 --> 00:02:32.000 And as teachers have gone on strike to demand better funding for our children's educations. 00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:37.000 Sometimes the decision to leave a space is not made freely 00:02:37.000 --> 00:02:42.000 and today we will hear an intimate story about a family forced from their home in the Armenian genocide 00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:45.000 and the impact that trauma had on their family legacy. 00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:50.000 Sometimes we change our space by developing new tools and new technology. 00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:55.000 We're going to hear today about efforts to use technology to combat disease 00:02:55.000 --> 00:02:59.000 and harness computing power to solve problems and improve our lives. 00:02:59.000 --> 00:02:62.000 It's true that not all stories have a happy ending. 00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:05.000 But I have good news for everyone here in this room. 00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:09.000 Our stories are not over. We're not at the end. 00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:15.000 My hope is that each of us reflects on the presentations we're about to hear 00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:19.000 and thinks about how we can use our own power for good 00:03:19.000 --> 00:03:23.000 to make positive changes to the spaces around us 00:03:23.000 --> 00:03:28.000 so that we can all move forward together into a more inclusive and peaceful future. 00:03:28.000 --> 00:03:31.000 That power is ours. Thank you. 00:03:31.000 --> 00:03:38.000 So when it comes to power I think it's safe to say that most of us would like a little more. 00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:43.000 It doesn't matter how you define power be it coercive, legitimate, or something else. 00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:48.000 Most folks strive for feeling in control over people, places, and things. 00:03:48.000 --> 00:03:49.000 Our dreams are rooted in our quest for power 00:03:49.000 --> 00:03:56.000 yet it can be arrogant to seem too power-hungry so we try to find more subtle ways to exercise power. 00:03:56.000 --> 00:03:60.000 My own view is that so much of the power we wield depends on our reputations. 00:04:00.000 --> 00:04:03.000 A good reputation multiplies our powers and generates respect. 00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:07.000 A good name does a lot of work for you before you even show up. 00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:10.000 So when I heard about the session format for today I knew I had to sign up 00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:16.000 because I've taught a very similar style of presentation over the years to the style you're seeing today. 00:04:16.000 --> 00:04:19.000 Mine has 20 slides by 20 seconds. 00:04:19.000 --> 00:04:23.000 This strict format forces creativity and conciseness 00:04:23.000 --> 00:04:27.000 versus the usual windy Powerpoint speech that drones on and on forever. 00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:32.000 These kinds of presentations use images and the efficient use of the spoken word 00:04:32.000 --> 00:04:35.000 to create a memorable, meaningful, concise presentation. 00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:40.000 They're a great method for teaching students to create and deliver their best presentations. 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:42.000 Sharing the spark with others so to speak. 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:44.000 But they're very challenging to learn. 00:04:44.000 --> 00:04:49.000 And over the years I've realized how much teachers use their powers to convince students 00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:52.000 that their subjects are worth their time, money, and energy. 00:04:52.000 --> 00:04:56.000 Now explicit power in the classroom can manifest itself through manipulation 00:04:56.000 --> 00:04:60.000 which is what one person does to another person. 00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:03.000 Carrots and sticks. Honor rolls and such. 00:05:03.000 --> 00:05:07.000 And defined this way manipulation is a disturbing basis for an educational approach. 00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:10.000 On the other hand motivation is something that we do with people. 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:13.000 It drives us. It comes from within. 00:05:13.000 --> 00:05:16.000 We can control the students behaviors through carrots and sticks 00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:20.000 but we can't influence them to do anything that they wouldn't already want to do. 00:05:20.000 --> 00:05:24.000 So teachers leverage their reputations to influence their students. 00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:26.000 Good reputations make this task easier. 00:05:26.000 --> 00:05:31.000 At the same time a teacher's good reputation is based on their past success in persuading students. 00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:34.000 Now I have a small problem. 00:05:34.000 --> 00:05:37.000 You see I've been mispronouncing this name for years. 00:05:37.000 --> 00:05:43.000 This means that for over a half decade I've taught students incorrectly. Students who have gone to teach other students. 00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:47.000 And for all I know there could be hundreds of people walking around Oregon 00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:50.000 repeating my incorrect pronunciation as fact. 00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:53.000 So this got me to thinking. Does it matter? 00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:55.000 In the grand scheme of things who really cares? 00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:60.000 Well the best of us mispronounce words. So what other words have I been mispronouncing? 00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:02.000 What's in a name? 00:06:02.000 --> 00:06:09.000 Well I want you to think about the one teacher in your entire life who made the biggest difference for you. 00:06:09.000 --> 00:06:13.000 Who taught you so well that you still think about them as your best teacher. 00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:17.000 I would bet that best teacher for us is someone who knew you by name. 00:06:17.000 --> 00:06:23.000 Learning students' names signifies respect and is rightfully recommended as good instructional practice. 00:06:23.000 --> 00:06:28.000 It positively affects students' attitudes. They feel more valued and invested. 00:06:28.000 --> 00:06:32.000 When the instructor knows their names students think it's easier to talk and get help. 00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:36.000 Ultimately students say it improves their performance 00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:40.000 especially for children of immigrants or those who are English language learners. 00:06:40.000 --> 00:06:44.000 A teacher who knows their name marks a critical first step in helping them adjust to school. 00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:49.000 For many students a mispronounced name is the first of many slights in the classroom. 00:06:49.000 --> 00:06:55.000 They're already unlikely to see educators who are like them, speak their language, or follow a curriculum that reflect their culture. 00:06:55.000 --> 00:06:61.000 And if teachers and fellow students are not taking the time to learn their name or don't validate who they are 00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:02.000 it creates a wall. 00:07:02.000 --> 00:07:06.000 To suggest a child's name is even difficult to pronounce is problematic. 00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:11.000 Even the word difficult is a loaded term. It's only difficult because it's culturally different. 00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:15.000 Mispronouncing a student's name essentially renders that student invisible. 00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:18.000 And an invisible student is not a motivated student. 00:07:18.000 --> 00:07:21.000 We need to see this as an opportunity to build bridges. 00:07:21.000 --> 00:07:26.000 As educators we have the power to remove barriers that can hinder success. 00:07:26.000 --> 00:07:30.000 Teachers should use their power to open the world to all of their students 00:07:30.000 --> 00:07:33.000 not just the ones who look like them or sound like them. 00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:39.000 As most of us already know, as educators we have the power to bring awareness to the values of diversity 00:07:39.000 --> 00:07:41.000 so that all of our students feel included. 00:07:41.000 --> 00:07:47.000 This begins the proper pronunciation. When we name something we influence how we conceptualize it. 00:07:47.000 --> 00:07:52.000 Pronouncing our students' names correctly helps us to see our students as individuals. 00:07:52.000 --> 00:07:56.000 But by using the proper pronunciation along with other culturally responsible practices 00:07:56.000 --> 00:07:60.000 teachers are able to transfer their power through their reputations to their students 00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:04.000 rather than controlling them through pedagogical tricks. 00:08:04.000 --> 00:08:08.000 After all our goal as teachers should always be to foster the environments 00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:12.000 where our students can become independent, self-actualized individuals 00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:15.000 capable of seeking their own destinies their own reputations. 00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:18.000 In short, to become their own super heroes. 00:08:18.000 --> 00:08:23.000 So what's in a name? Our reputations and the educational outcomes of our students. 00:08:23.000 --> 00:08:27.000 That's why it's important that everyone in this room knows how to pronounce this term correctly. 00:08:27.000 --> 00:08:30.000 Please repeat after me. Pecha kucha. 00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:32.000 Pecha kucha. 00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:33.000 Thank you very much. 00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:35.000 I'm very excited to see you guys today 00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:41.000 because I am talking about a topic that I'm actually very passionate about. 00:08:41.000 --> 00:08:47.000 Today I'm going to be talking about social justice, power inequities, and why we should even care. 00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:52.000 Because I don't know about you guys but you hear that a lot on the news and you're like, social power! 00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:56.000 Yeah! What does that mean? 00:08:56.000 --> 00:08:59.000 Is it important? It's important to some people 00:08:59.000 --> 00:08:62.000 and clearly is not for others. 00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:07.000 It's relevant to some but should it be relevant to me? 00:09:07.000 --> 00:09:09.000 Should it to be relevant to you? 00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:12.000 We're a little bit unsure so what is social justice? 00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:16.000 And this is what I'm really interested in focusing on and why it should be important. 00:09:16.000 --> 00:09:20.000 As a social psychologist let's go old school here for a minute. 00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:24.000 I'm going to take you back to something that we always like to do in social psychology 00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:26.000 a little Dr. Seuss. 00:09:26.000 --> 00:09:32.000 So remember the yellow belly sneeches and remember how some had the stars on them and the other ones didn't 00:09:32.000 --> 00:09:38.000 and the ones that had stars their yellow was just a little bit better yellow. 00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:41.000 And they just stood a little bit better. 00:09:41.000 --> 00:09:44.000 And then there came this machine 00:09:44.000 --> 00:09:47.000 that came through and just churned out stars for everyone. 00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:52.000 And pretty soon they all got stars and it caused a little bit of a problem 00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:56.000 but it didn't take long until people realized, wait a minute we're all sneeches. 00:09:56.000 --> 00:09:58.000 Well that's what we need. 00:09:58.000 --> 00:09:64.000 If you had that machine that would throw out social justice it would look something like this. 00:10:04.000 --> 00:10:06.000 Which seems a little bit complicated 00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:10.000 but it does depending on the issue look a lot like these different things. 00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:11.000 Diversity. 00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:17.000 And when some people often say that social justice is giving a voice to the voiceless 00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:22.000 and it's using our own talents and skills to spark conversations 00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:24.000 and start talking about what does it really mean. 00:10:24.000 --> 00:10:28.000 It's complicated yet necessary. 00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:35.000 It really is a lot of things. I want you to look up at the slide and see that social justice involves all of these things 00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:38.000 but it's more than just voice. It's supporting other people, 00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:44.000 it's communicating, it's really taking these things and implementing them, it's listening. 00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:52.000 So it's more than just acknowledging the diversity part of it or just the opportunity part of it. 00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:56.000 It's more than that. It's really seeing people for who they are. 00:10:56.000 --> 00:10:61.000 And it's more than just one of these little pieces but it all. 00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:04.000 But that feels quite overwhelming doesn't it? 00:11:04.000 --> 00:11:07.000 How you actually move past this. 00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:11.000 So it goes beyond looking at the inequities 00:11:11.000 --> 00:11:16.000 and it starts looking at inequities in a way that we are acknowledging them. 00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:19.000 And that's where our society tends to have some breakdown. 00:11:19.000 --> 00:11:22.000 OK we're not all equal and all the same 00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:26.000 but it's acknowledging that we have those and saying it out loud. 00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:30.000 I don't know about you but it feels kind of uncomfortable to me. 00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:36.000 In a broad sense it's really valuing everybody of every race and religion and class. 00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:39.000 And it means giving power to everyone 00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:43.000 which means they might be taking some of your own power away. 00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:46.000 So how do we do it? We do start from the little pieces here. 00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:51.000 We do start taking the pieces that we can kind of mold and craft ourselves. 00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:56.000 So on an individual level how do you really take these little pieces? 00:11:56.000 --> 00:11:58.000 You can do a number of things. 00:11:58.000 --> 00:11:64.000 Be introspective, and just talk less listen more. I'm going to start that this summer. 00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:05.000 laughter 00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:09.000 I am for sure. 00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:17.000 On a relationship level having those tough conversations, giving time. 00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:23.000 And I always tell my students and my children and my grandson 00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:26.000 that to say nothing is to say something. 00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:30.000 And on a community level, reach out, find out what's going on in your community. 00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:34.000 See what people are doing. See what people need. Do you even know? 00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:38.000 It's so important. Are you just picking up the newspaper for the lady next door? 00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:44.000 And one of my things that I think is just so important and I lectured my children from birth 00:12:44.000 --> 00:12:46.000 telling my five-month-old, vote now! 00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:49.000 But everybody should be voting and some of you might not be old enough to vote 00:12:49.000 --> 00:12:52.000 but you will be old enough to vote. 00:12:52.000 --> 00:12:56.000 And we hear your voices and want to keep hearing people's voices 00:12:56.000 --> 00:12:58.000 because we often don't hear many voices. 00:12:58.000 --> 00:12:65.000 So by taking power to others it empowers us. We get our own empowerment from that 00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:08.000 and nothing's better than being prosocial and empowering others. 00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:10.000 This is a huge issue. 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:15.000 It's actually a human issue when it gets right down to it. 00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:17.000 We should be paying attention to this. 00:13:17.000 --> 00:13:24.000 Wouldn't you guys like to live in a world where it didn't really matter if you had a star on your belly or not? 00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:30.000 And we all lived in a world with sneeches where we're all kind of the same, it doesn't matter? 00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:36.000 The consistency and the equality would be worth it. 00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:39.000 So that is what I'm hoping for. Thank you. 00:13:39.000 --> 00:13:42.000 So what I'm going to talk about today is artificial intelligence. 00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:48.000 If you watch enough movies well today is not about movies. 00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:52.000 Artificial intelligence hopefully everybody has heard about it already 00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:55.000 and if not, hopefully you will learn something today, right? 00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:61.000 So I teach computer science here. I've been here for almost 30 years. 00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:05.000 So let's talk about first what is intelligent? 00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:12.000 Intelligence, it's coming up, basically it's the ability of learning 00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:15.000 and applying the things you have learned, right? 00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:17.000 That's intelligent among other things of course. 00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:25.000 And so artificial intelligence the artificial part basically says we program, from computer science. 00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:30.000 We program the computer to do things that make it appear to be intelligent. 00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.000 And to start with we have what we simply call narrow intelligence. 00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:38.000 But basically in one area, you define one area. 00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:42.000 In that area the computers are better than people. 00:14:42.000 --> 00:14:46.000 And that's the narrow one. 00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:52.000 In the distant future it will be what we call general intelligence. 00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:56.000 When that comes the computer will be just as good as people. 00:14:56.000 --> 00:14:58.000 but I don't have to worry about it, right? 00:14:58.000 --> 00:14:64.000 So after that, that will be the super intelligence like the Terminator. I'm kidding. 00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:09.000 So anyway the computers will be better than people 00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:12.000 in many, many, many areas. 00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:16.000 Will the computer be able to enjoy watching movies? 00:15:16.000 --> 00:15:19.000 That involves emotion. That's not intelligence. 00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:21.000 That's a totally different game. 00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:26.000 But now people work 00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:29.000 what will happen when the computer is better than people? 00:15:29.000 --> 00:15:33.000 Well that's what I'm telling you here today is we don't have to worry about it. 00:15:33.000 --> 00:15:38.000 So why did the topic all of a sudden become such a big deal now? 00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:42.000 There's a few things. One is the Internet. The Internet connects us to everything. 00:15:42.000 --> 00:15:50.000 Sensors collect data for us. Google knows you more than you know yourself. That's Google. 00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:56.000 And then all those kind of things we store them in the cloud 00:15:56.000 --> 00:15:59.000 and the important thing is about computation power. 00:15:59.000 --> 00:15:62.000 Computers are getting so fast, right? 00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:08.000 So now we have computers that have the capability to run faster than a mouse's brain 00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:12.000 and then eventually will run as fast as the human brain. 00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:18.000 And then in the distant future again hopefully most of us don't have to worry about it 00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:24.000 they will run as fast as all the human brains combined, right? 00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:27.000 So then what? Right? 00:16:27.000 --> 00:16:29.000 Should we be scared? No we shouldn't. 00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:33.000 That's the part. Machines have been competing with us for a long, long, long time. 00:16:33.000 --> 00:16:39.000 Farmers and combines. A combine can be much, much more productive than a farmer. 00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:42.000 Can anybody run faster than any car? 00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:44.000 Maybe at the beginning, maybe. 00:16:44.000 --> 00:16:48.000 But can you run longer than your car? Find that person and bring him to me. 00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:53.000 So the computers are running really, really fast 00:16:53.000 --> 00:16:57.000 and they can do calculations way faster than anybody can. 00:16:57.000 --> 00:16:63.000 And Einstein may be able to find something that the computer cannot find. 00:17:03.000 --> 00:17:08.000 But Einstein cannot beat the computation power cannot beat the computer. 00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:12.000 And so Google recently introduced AlphaGo you've probably heard of it. 00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:16.000 It's this Chinese game called Go 00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:20.000 and for the longest time we said yeah well we don't see that coming we thought. 00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:23.000 So Google has this game that can beat anybody. 00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:27.000 Not just anybody but the five best players in the world, Google beat them, right? 00:17:27.000 --> 00:17:33.000 So now with all that do we need to worry? With the computer will we be conquered or what? 00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:38.000 No. Because we do things for reasons. Computers do not. 00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:40.000 Computers do what they're told to do. 00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:47.000 And another thing, humans cooperate flexibly and with very large numbers. 00:17:47.000 --> 00:17:53.000 World War II, a lot of groups achieve some common goal. 00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:56.000 With a machine you don't have to worry about it. So that's the part. 00:17:56.000 --> 00:17:59.000 So still going back and talking about AI 00:17:59.000 --> 00:17:64.000 there are a lot of things that are going to come our way, right? Robotics and this autonomous vehicle. 00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:08.000 So what happens? With an autonomous vehicle you don't have to drive. 00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:12.000 You get in and you tell it I want to go to Western. It will bring here. It doesn't matter where you live. 00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:16.000 And think about it society will change quite a bit, right? 00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:19.000 So if I don't have to drive why do I need to buy a car? 00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:21.000 If I don't have to drive do I need to buy insurance? No. 00:18:21.000 --> 00:18:25.000 If I don't have to drive do I need to get parking? No. 00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:30.000 So in a way society will change. 00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:34.000 So how do we handle inevitable change? 00:18:34.000 --> 00:18:39.000 Many will learn by getting an education. 00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:45.000 For many of you guys hopefully this is why you come to Western and that's remember, an education. 00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:47.000 Thank you. 00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:52.000 Well Dr. Henkels I'm graduating in less than a month. I'm really grateful for my time here at Western Oregon. 00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:56.000 I'm just really excited to be out here making a difference. 00:18:56.000 --> 00:18:61.000 When I think about what I want to do when I graduate I'm really inspired by the words of Malala Yousafzai. 00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:05.000 When the whole world is silent, even one voice becomes powerful. 00:19:06.000 --> 00:19:09.000 Well Connor it's been great working with you too. 00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:15.000 But take some advice from me. Forget the idealism. Just live your life well. 00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:20.000 Frankly, changing the world is difficult and very rarely succeeds. 00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:24.000 I really fear you'll get disillusioned by the effort. 00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:33.000 I also fear that perhaps this is the awakening of something that the racist but insightful H.L. Mencken said. 00:19:33.000 --> 00:19:39.000 The urge to save humanity is almost always a false front for the urge to rule it. 00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:45.000 I think we'll all agree that there are examples of many individuals who have used their power and history highlights these. 00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.000 But I would argue that humanity may be driven by good 00:19:49.000 --> 00:19:56.000 and that we can find many examples of that as well when we look at some of the work done by great organizations and great people 00:19:56.000 --> 00:19:58.000 such as Doctors Without Boarders. 00:19:58.000 --> 00:19:65.000 Maybe Anne Frank said it best when she said that human greatness does not lie in wealth or power but in character and goodness. 00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:11.000 People are just people and all people have faults and shortcomings but all of us are born with a basic goodness. 00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:17.000 Well people may be born good but it's a moral decent from there. 00:20:17.000 --> 00:20:18.000 laughter 00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:24.000 Consider all the leaders we have in Africa, South America, or look at American politics. 00:20:24.000 --> 00:20:27.000 These people start out with these high ideals 00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:30.000 but soon these things fade away. 00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:37.000 Lord Acton said: Power tends to corrupt. Absolute power corrupts absolutely. 00:20:37.000 --> 00:20:44.000 Well it may be disheartening when looking at specific examples in Africa or South America or here in the United States 00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:48.000 but shouldn't we also be encouraged by the changes that we've made over the course of history? 00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:55.000 According to research the number of people who are undernourished in the world has dropped by almost 200 million since 1991 00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:60.000 despite the fact that the population has grown by two billion since that same time. 00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.000 In the year 1800, 12.5% of the world's population was literate 00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:08.000 and in 2014, 85% of the population was literate. 00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:13.000 According to Steven Pinker violent deaths have declined from 500 per 100,000 people in pre-state societies 00:21:13.000 --> 00:21:20.000 to 50 per 100,000 people in middle-aged societies to 6 to 8 per 100,000 today. 00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:23.000 These events aren't just regular occurrences. 00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:28.000 They're the work of many people over the course of history trying to make the world a better place. 00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:34.000 Martin Luther King Jr. made the plainest comment on this when he said: Let us realize that the arc of the moral universe is long 00:21:34.000 --> 00:21:37.000 but it bends toward justice. 00:21:39.000 --> 00:21:42.000 Well things do look better today 00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:45.000 but perhaps this is just a snapshot in time. 00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.000 Look at the snapshot that's taken in 1943. 00:21:49.000 --> 00:21:55.000 But even more troublesome to me is that things can get better but progress demands constant struggle, 00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.000 constant change, and oftentimes involves violence. 00:21:59.000 --> 00:21:62.000 Modern China came out of the barrel of a gun 00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:11.000 and this constant struggle is probably best captured by Frederick Douglass about positive change. 00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:16.000 The struggle may be a moral one or it may be a physical one or it may be both. 00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:20.000 But it must be a struggle. Power concedes nothing without a demand. 00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:23.000 It never did. It never will. 00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:26.000 Do you really want to have to make that struggle? 00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:29.000 Well I think that there's still a lot of progress that has to be made 00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:35.000 but I think we can also agree that great people such as Martin Luther King Jr. did make real progress 00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:40.000 and maybe we can look to their successes as a guide for how how to move forward. 00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:45.000 It was Martin Luther King who said that violence is not only impractical but immoral. 00:22:46.000 --> 00:22:52.000 Perhaps we're entering a new world. Our science and technology perhaps has outstripped our efforts. 00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:56.000 Look at climate change. We make no progress there almost. 00:22:56.000 --> 00:22:60.000 Look at all the tools of violence we have in our homes and as a nation. 00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:02.000 These things just seem beyond our control. 00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:11.000 Martin Luther King also said: Our scientific powers outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men. 00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:19.000 It's true that at any given time the outlook might be bleak but if you give up then you've already lost. 00:23:19.000 --> 00:23:23.000 People need to act and that's exactly what I do. 00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:29.000 It's as Alice Walker said: The most common way people give up their power is by thinking that they don't have it. 00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:38.000 Well as Thomas Jefferson said: A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. 00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:42.000 So maybe it's time for your generation to have a rebellion. 00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:46.000 applause 00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:53.000 We have a tendency those of us who do these types of things, that work in public health 00:23:53.000 --> 00:23:56.000 to take things pretty seriously. 00:23:56.000 --> 00:23:61.000 And to be fair it's because we work on some pretty serious topics. 00:24:01.000 --> 00:24:08.000 We cover things like teen pregnancy and hunger and child abuse and poverty and premature deaths and heavy stuff. 00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:13.000 And so our first response usually goes something like well people just don't know. 00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:18.000 If we tell them how bad it is, if we tell them how much people are suffering then surely things will change. 00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:20.000 So we throw a bunch of scary statistics at people. 00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:25.000 We tell them things like eight in 10 female farmworkers experience sexual assault, 00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.000 seven in 10 U.S. adults are overweight or obese and I could go on and on because the data is endless. 00:24:29.000 --> 00:24:34.000 But this usually doesn't have the effect we think it does. It really makes people want to run away and hide. 00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:40.000 And by the way, people that work in environmental justice do exactly the same thing. They have exactly the same problem. 00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.000 They tell us things like we're at the point of no return. We must act now. 00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:48.000 They show us pictures of sad polar bears on their ice floats 00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:53.000 or they tell us how fast the ice sheets are melting or they tell us how many acres of forest are being cut down every year 00:24:53.000 --> 00:24:58.000 and it scares us. Well at least it scares me. 00:24:58.000 --> 00:24:63.000 And really it does more than that. What it actually does is it disempowers us. 00:25:03.000 --> 00:25:05.000 Because we look at all these overwhelming numbers 00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:08.000 and we say how can I, one person, possibly make a difference? 00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:11.000 How can I have any effect? 00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:16.000 Somebody once told me that what we do in public health is kind of like selling tickets to the Titanic. 00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:20.000 We tell people I have this totally overwhelming situation 00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:23.000 a ship that is guaranteed to sink, don't you want to buy a ticket? 00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:27.000 And then we're like how come nobody wants to come along for the ride? 00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:32.000 To me this is kind of like focusing on illness versus focusing on the word health. 00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:36.000 By focusing on diseases we're talking about deficits. 00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:41.000 If instead we focus on the assets and on the things we can do improve the health and wellbeing of those around us 00:25:41.000 --> 00:25:43.000 we can avoid the Titanic 00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:46.000 and we can instead be selling a trip to the moon. 00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:50.000 Because JFK taught us that the impossible is possible 00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:56.000 that we have the power to alter reality if only we can find the right words to convey our message. 00:25:56.000 --> 00:25:60.000 If we can shift our focus to that which lifts us up. 00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.000 So I have really tried to employ this in my classes this year and in my projects 00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:07.000 and I have been absolutely inspired by what our students have come up with. 00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:12.000 And so today I really want to spend some time sharing with you some of those examples. 00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:18.000 The first one that I want to talk to you guys about is an algorithm called hashtag realself. 00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:21.000 And this is something that social media companies can embed into their platforms 00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:27.000 so after spending 15 seconds looking at toxic images of super thin and unrealistic and unhealthy models 00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:29.000 which we know wrecks girls' self esteem 00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:33.000 they would instead see information on the fakeness of this content 00:26:33.000 --> 00:26:37.000 see positive messages that help promote a positive body image 00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:41.000 that enhance their self esteem and that can improve their mental health. 00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:46.000 The next one I want to share with you guys actually came from two different groups working in parallel tangents 00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:50.000 who came up with almost the same idea called You Are Not Alone, an app and a video 00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:55.000 that is aimed at first generation college students trying to improve mental health 00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.000 and specifically to reduce the stigma around seeking help for mental health. 00:26:59.000 --> 00:26:64.000 And the idea with the app is that there also would be a place where students can talk to others going through similar experiences. 00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:10.000 It would tell them about events happening on campus to get them engaged and let them know about resources to support them. 00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:17.000 Another program that I'm going to talk to you guys about today is called hashtag respect. 00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:22.000 And this one aims to reduce teen pregnancy by focusing on teen boys specifically 00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:28.000 having an after-school program for them where they can receive mentorship, comprehensive sex ed, have fun activities, 00:27:28.000 --> 00:27:32.000 get to meet with local celebrity athletes and firefighters and others 00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:37.000 who want to be positive role models for them of what it looks like to be strong, respectful men. 00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:40.000 And the cool thing about this is that then those boys once they older 00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.000 get to be role models for the younger ones to really build those skills. 00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:50.000 The last one that I'm going to share with you guys today is a campaign and website called Talk Birdy to Me 00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:53.000 which is a play on the birds and bees in case you didn't get that. 00:27:53.000 --> 00:27:60.000 And the idea is that it is going to teach effective sexual communication and healthy relationships for college freshmen. 00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:04.000 And the idea is that students can ask anonymous sex questions 00:28:04.000 --> 00:28:08.000 that get posted to a website that has information on everything from consent to contraceptives 00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:12.000 and that also provides information if you want to wait and you're feeling pressured. 00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:17.000 Now these are just four of the 35 or so projects I've gotten in my classes this year 00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:20.000 and I'm not saying that we can change the world just by changing our communication 00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:28.000 but what I am saying is that each of us and all of us together holds far more power than we think we do to influence health 00:28:28.000 --> 00:28:33.000 because changing our words changes our perceptions and our beliefs and our idealogical constructs 00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:36.000 which changes our social norms 00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:39.000 which really can change the world. 00:28:39.000 --> 00:28:43.000 So I am telling you that the power is ours. 00:28:43.000 --> 00:28:46.000 My name is Margaret Manoogian. I am a professor of gerontology. 00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:53.000 My research in part and over time has focused on families and their family members who have experienced genocide 00:28:53.000 --> 00:28:57.000 who have been disempowered and forced to survive in dire circumstances. 00:28:57.000 --> 00:28:63.000 We are remembered by future generations through intergenerational transmissions called legacies. 00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:07.000 Legacies are those things received from ancestors such as the bequest of property 00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:10.000 things that are materially symbolic 00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:13.000 and they allow for the memory of a family member to endure. 00:29:13.000 --> 00:29:16.000 They communicate family meanings and cultural history. 00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:20.000 What happens to these legacies in families 00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:26.000 when family survival is threatened, when outside forces and structural constraints overpower family wellbeing? 00:29:26.000 --> 00:29:29.000 I studied the Armenian genocide. 00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:36.000 Up until the early part of the 20th century Armenians lived as an ethnic Christian minority in the Ottoman Empire. 00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:41.000 The deterioration of the empire brought a decline in Armenian-Turkish relationships 00:29:41.000 --> 00:29:47.000 and there was an attempt to rid the population of the Christians including the Armenians. 00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:52.000 It was the first genocide of the 20th century, an estimated 1.5 million 00:29:52.000 --> 00:29:55.000 and another additional one million were forced to flee. 00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:58.000 So 1.5 died, one forced to flee. 00:29:58.000 --> 00:29:61.000 And I want to tell you a true story about this now. 00:30:01.000 --> 00:30:06.000 Garabed a young boy witnessed his parents' deaths, his sisters were sexually assaulted. 00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:10.000 One survived, Azniki. He never saw her again. 00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:15.000 Making many attempts to leave the country Garabed and a band of boys traveled by night 00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:19.000 and took a train into the belly of the great land of Prussia 00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:21.000 and eventually ended up in Chicago. 00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:24.000 Satenig arrived in Chicago with her sister. 00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:30.000 Back home Satenig's father was killed. Her mother and sister were forced to march to Syria. 00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:33.000 The sisters survived. 00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:38.000 Forced into an arranged marriage the strangers Garabed and Satenig were wed. 00:30:38.000 --> 00:30:45.000 They eventually ended up in Fresno, California which had the largest concentration of Armenian-Americans in the U.S. at the time 00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:48.000 and had two sons, Manook and Katchaznouni. 00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:53.000 These boys grew up helping their family to grow grapes, learned English in school, and socialized with other Armenians. 00:30:53.000 --> 00:30:57.000 They never heard their family downside story directly 00:30:57.000 --> 00:30:61.000 but they rather overheard it from adult conversations. 00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:06.000 Katchi, the central figure in my story, focused his energies on his family and his studies. 00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:11.000 He served in the air force, graduated from Stanford, married a young German immigrant 00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:14.000 and fathered two daughters and became the family historian. 00:31:14.000 --> 00:31:17.000 Without grandparents, his sorrow mucked his life and his home 00:31:17.000 --> 00:31:21.000 often leaving them bereft and unable to connect with family. 00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:26.000 His daughters were proud of their heritage but they witnessed their father's sorrow. 00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:30.000 Many children of genocide survivors have suffered greatly. 00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.000 All Armenian-Americans share this history and this cultural narrative. 00:31:34.000 --> 00:31:39.000 Genocide shapes the type and means of legacies in all of the families who experience it. 00:31:39.000 --> 00:31:44.000 Without physical possessions these legacies often become family stories 00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:46.000 that define cultural identity. 00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:49.000 These family narratives need both a teller and a listener 00:31:49.000 --> 00:31:55.000 who provide a foundation for family ethnic identity and a vehicle to keep family members close. 00:31:55.000 --> 00:31:60.000 Many children of survivors hear these stories directly, some don't. 00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:02.000 But they're empowered through family narratives. 00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:07.000 When my research participants heard stories directly they knew more details about their relatives 00:32:07.000 --> 00:32:09.000 as well as family circumstances in the old country. 00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:12.000 They identified with their ancestors 00:32:12.000 --> 00:32:17.000 and they saw the strength, personal power, and resilience of their family members who had survived. 00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:21.000 Never forgetting is a central theme of this family narrative 00:32:21.000 --> 00:32:25.000 reminding each other of family members' strength and the truth of the experience. 00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:31.000 Hitler's comment regarding the lack of memory and the lack of formal acknowledgement by the Turkish national government 00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:37.000 continues oppression and denial and disregard of what survivors have suffered. 00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:39.000 What about grandchildren? 00:32:39.000 --> 00:32:44.000 Markarid Mariam, the oldest daughter of Katchi, proudly traced the Armenian alphabet, 00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:49.000 listened to Armenian music, made food, heard stories of the genocide starting at the age of 10. 00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:55.000 She had choices as to her ethnic identity as she's recognized as American. 00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:58.000 Grandchildren are flexible in their identity 00:32:58.000 --> 00:32:64.000 and aim to feeling Armenian yet most all know the stories of the genocide. 00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:07.000 Markarid entered a doctorate program. 00:33:07.000 --> 00:33:12.000 She's a family gerontologist and you just heard her story, because it's me. 00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:14.000 And this story needs to be remembered. 00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:22.000 So please listen to the voice of William Saroyan who's one of our famous Armenian-American storytellers 00:33:22.000 --> 00:33:25.000 talking about resilience of the narrative. 00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:39.000 reads slide 00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:42.000 See if they will not create a New Armenia. 00:33:42.000 --> 00:33:52.000 music 00:33:52.000 --> 00:33:60.000 Maria Goeppert Mayer, the second and last woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963. 00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:04.000 Welcome, welcome to, welcome to Johns Hopkins welcome. 00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:05.000 Thanks. 00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:07.000 We hired your husband Joe but not you. 00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:11.000 Nepotism and all that. We hired your husband Joe but not you. 00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:13.000 OK, great. 00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:16.000 But not you. But we'll let you we'll let you work for us anyway. 00:34:16.000 --> 00:34:19.000 Need an office, an office, an office without a view? 00:34:19.000 --> 00:34:20.000 Oh, good. 00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:23.000 And a teensy, a teensy, a teensy little stipend 00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:29.000 just so you know we appreciate you. A teensy little stipend, just so you know. 00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:31.000 Right, so I can publish. 00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:35.000 Sure. Sure you can publish and even use the labs, sure. 00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:36.000 Great. 00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:40.000 But remember you're not a faculty member. You're not paid, you have no say, you're a woman. 00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.000 Remember that and welcome to Johns Hopkins. 00:34:44.000 --> 00:34:45.000 Then in 1937 00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.000 Oh and by the way by the way Joe's fired, fired. 00:34:49.000 --> 00:34:53.000 The dean doesn't like women, doesn't like women, doesn't like you, 00:34:53.000 --> 00:34:56.000 doesn't like having you in the labs 00:34:56.000 --> 00:34:60.000 doesn't like that there are so many German scientists here 00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:04.000 doesn't like that you teach too much physics in your chemistry class, doesn't like you. 00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:06.000 So Joe's fired. Welcome to Johns Hopkins. 00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:07.000 But 00:35:07.000 --> 00:35:10.000 Welcome to Colombia, welcome, welcome to Colombia. 00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:11.000 Thanks 00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:15.000 Glad to have you. Have an office, here's an office, enjoy your office. 00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:16.000 It's an office. 00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:18.000 Let's talk salary shall we? Let's talk salary. 00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:20.000 Yes alright. 00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:25.000 None. No salary, none, not a zilch, zero, none, no salary. You work for free. 00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:28.000 Isn't that nice? You work for free and welcome to Colombia. 00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:30.000 Wait. 00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:35.000 Welcome, welcome to Sarah Lawrence. All women's college. Sarah Lawrence. Welcome. 00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:36.000 Thanks. 00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:39.000 You're hired part-time. Not full-time. Part-time. 00:35:39.000 --> 00:35:40.000 Good! 00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.000 And we'll pay you but part-time. We'll pay you to teach science classes. We'll pay you. 00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:45.000 It's about time. 00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:48.000 But remember keep it simple. These are women. 00:35:48.000 --> 00:35:50.000 Keep it simple. These are women. 00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.000 They'll be homemakers or secretaries or teachers. Not scientists. 00:35:54.000 --> 00:35:56.000 So keep it simple. 00:35:56.000 --> 00:35:57.000 Really? 00:35:57.000 --> 00:35:60.000 Keep it simple. Welcome to Sarah Lawrence. 00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:05.000 In the meantime the Manhattan Project, the Opacity Project, Los Alamos, then 00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:08.000 Welcome, welcome to University of Chicago, welcome. 00:36:08.000 --> 00:36:10.000 Is there a salary? 00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:17.000 No. No salary. You're a volunteer a volunteer but welcome to University of Chicago. 00:36:17.000 --> 00:36:19.000 But while at Chicago 00:36:19.000 --> 00:36:22.000 Welcome to the Argonne National Laboratory. Welcome. 00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:28.000 Welcome to a part-time job as a senior physicist at the theoretical physics division. Welcome. 00:36:28.000 --> 00:36:31.000 The development of the model of the nuclear shell structure. 00:36:31.000 --> 00:36:37.000 Why is it that a certain number of electrons in particular atoms are super stable? 00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:43.000 The magic numbers two, eight, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. The magic numbers. 00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:45.000 Then Enrico Fermi asked 00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.000 Is there any indication of spin orbit coupling? 00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:55.000 Ten minutes later I had it. I knew how it worked. It's like this. 00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:60.000 Think of a room full of waltzers. Suppose they go around the room in circles each circle enclosed within another. 00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:05.000 Then imagine that you can fit twice as many dancers in each circle by having by one pair go clockwise 00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:06.000 and having another pair go counterclockwise. 00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:08.000 Then add one more variation. 00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:12.000 All the dancers are spinning. Twirling around and around like tops as they circle the room. 00:37:12.000 --> 00:37:14.000 Each pair both twirling and circling 00:37:14.000 --> 00:37:18.000 but only some of those that go counterclockwise are twirling counterclockwise. 00:37:18.000 --> 00:37:22.000 The others are circling counterclockwise while twirling clockwise. 00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:28.000 The same is true of those that are going clockwise. Some twirl clockwise others twirl counterclockwise. That's how it works. 00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:34.000 Welcome, welcome to the University of California at San Diego. Welcome. 00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:36.000 Here we go again. 00:37:36.000 --> 00:37:43.000 Not exactly. You're hired. Full-time, full professor, full salary. Welcome. 00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:47.000 Well I'll be damned. 00:37:47.000 --> 00:37:49.000 laughter 00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:55.000 It was there that I learned that I had won the Nobel Prize for the nuclear shell structure. Nobel Prize. 00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:58.000 The newspaper announced my big day with 00:37:58.000 --> 00:37:62.000 San Diego mother wins the Nobel Prize. 00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:03.000 laughter 00:38:03.000 --> 00:38:06.000 Oh well. Better than nothing. 00:38:08.000 --> 00:38:12.000 Not all stories have a happy ending. 00:38:12.000 --> 00:38:15.000 Thank you, he said to her. Not for me. For the others. 00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:17.000 And then he died. 00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:23.000 This wasn't in a lab. No ivory tower but a hospital in San Francisco, 1984. 00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:26.000 Not for me. And then he died. 00:38:26.000 --> 00:38:32.000 She had never met an actual patient before even though she had identified the disease just a year before. 00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:37.000 So when he asked to see her she went, she saw, she understood. 00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:40.000 He was in terrible shape and had difficulty speaking. 00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:44.000 Thank you he said. Not for me, for the others. 00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:48.000 And then he died. Not all stories have a happy ending. 00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:52.000 Since that day, she said, I still have that image in my mind. 00:38:52.000 --> 00:38:56.000 He took my hand and I still feel his hand in my hand today. 00:38:56.000 --> 00:38:64.000 People with the virus heard it had been identified at her lab the Pasteur Institute and they would show up, hoping. 00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:11.000 Celebrities, gay men, every day people, they wanted to speak to the scientist who understood it, hoping. 00:39:11.000 --> 00:39:16.000 But identifying the disease and curing it are two different things. 00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:18.000 There was nothing she could do for them. 00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:23.000 She became friends with a number of these people then watched as they died. 00:39:23.000 --> 00:39:27.000 The list is very, very long she said. 00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:31.000 To see these people dying and expecting so much from us. 00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:33.000 It was awful. 00:39:33.000 --> 00:39:35.000 Not all stories have a happy ending. 00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:40.000 A battle ensued with an American lab that claimed to have discovered the disease first. 00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:42.000 She tried to ignore it but it had consequences. 00:39:42.000 --> 00:39:45.000 Patients with little patience grew angry. 00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:48.000 You're only interested in fighting with your colleagues they would say. 00:39:48.000 --> 00:39:52.000 You're only interested in the money. You don't care about us. 00:39:52.000 --> 00:39:54.000 She was shocked. Devastated. 00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:60.000 Finally, 13 years after the discovery: treatment. 00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:03.000 Antiretroviral therapy. Hope. 00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:07.000 But for her, severe depression. 00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:12.000 The constant stress of working on the disease, to have seen so many people die 00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:17.000 and to realize people are now able to live with the disease, the overwhelming relief. 00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:23.000 She simply fell apart. I look like a virus, she said. 00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:26.000 My face is like HIV. 00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:30.000 A year of depression. Not all stories have a happy ending. 00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.000 She fights because there are so many problems to overcome. 00:40:34.000 --> 00:40:40.000 Antiretroviral therapy is not a cure. It just allows infected patients to live with the disease. 00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:43.000 And only one third of them currently receive the treatment. 00:40:43.000 --> 00:40:47.000 She fights, for better access for the other two thirds. 00:40:47.000 --> 00:40:52.000 She fights, to overturn laws that criminalize homosexuality in countries around the world. 00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:56.000 She fights, for the decriminalization of drug addiction and prostitution. 00:40:56.000 --> 00:40:60.000 She fights, for better sex education for children. 00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:02.000 She fights. 00:41:02.000 --> 00:41:06.000 It is not enough to just sit in a lab and do research 00:41:06.000 --> 00:41:08.000 to publish and be done with your work. 00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:14.000 Having drive and conviction means sometimes you must stand toe to toe with the powers that be. 00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:18.000 In 2009 when Pope Benedict said HIV/AIDS is 00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:22.000 a tragedy that cannot be overcome through the distribution of condoms 00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:25.000 which even aggravates the problem. 00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.000 She was furious so she wrote an open letter to him. 00:41:29.000 --> 00:41:36.000 This statement is contradicted by the results of 25 years of scientific research, she said. 00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:40.000 Your declaration shows an unbearable cynicism, she said. 00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:46.000 Your rank allows you to consult the most eminent experts before publicly speaking, she said. 00:41:46.000 --> 00:41:50.000 This will stain your legacy, she said. 00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:52.000 He never responded. 00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:56.000 Condom use in Africa dropped significantly after his speech. 00:41:56.000 --> 00:41:58.000 Not all stories have a happy ending. 00:41:58.000 --> 00:41:64.000 For over 30 years her sole work has been on HIV. 00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:09.000 Yet even after all this time the search for a functional cure is elusive. 00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:12.000 She is convinced it is achievable. 00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:16.000 I am optimistic because I can see things are moving forward. 00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:19.000 Of course we still have a long way to go. 00:42:19.000 --> 00:42:23.000 She said if a cure and a vaccine for HIV can be found 00:42:23.000 --> 00:42:26.000 she would feel relieved and could retire in peace. 00:42:26.000 --> 00:42:30.000 Thank you, he said to her. Not for me, for the others. 00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:32.000 And then he died. 00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:39.000 The others, still waiting. Hoping for science to one day finally figure this out. 00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:45.000 Chances are Francoise Barre-Sinoussi will be there when it happens. 00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:48.000 Not all stories have a happy ending. 00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:51.000 Yet 00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:59.000 Francoise Barre-Sinoussi, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for her discovery of HIV, 2008. 00:42:59.000 --> 00:42:64.000 music 00:43:04.000 --> 00:43:12.000 Rosalyn Yalow was the winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for her work with radioimmunoassays in 1977. 00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:15.000 I love her Nobel Prize acceptance speech 00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:20.000 because it shows how care we have come and how far we have yet to go. Listen. 00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:28.000 Your majesties, your royal highnesses, ladies and gentlemen and you, students 00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:33.000 who are the carriers of our hopes for the survival of this world and our dreams for its future. 00:43:33.000 --> 00:43:36.000 Perhaps I have been selected for this privilege 00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:40.000 because there is certainly one way in which I am distinguishable from the others. 00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:45.000 This difference permits me to address myself first to a very special problem. 00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:49.000 Women are represented in reasonable proportions to their numbers in the community 00:43:49.000 --> 00:43:55.000 yet among the scientists, scholars, and leaders of our world they are not. 00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:60.000 singing: Future carriers of hopes and dreams 00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:07.000 let's start seeking equal opportunity. 00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:12.000 Ease the path for those to come. 00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:16.000 Join hands, hearts, and minds. 00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:21.000 In the past few women have tried and even fewer have succeeded. 00:44:21.000 --> 00:44:27.000 We still live in a world in which a significant fraction of people including women believe that a woman belongs 00:44:27.000 --> 00:44:30.000 and wants to belong exclusively in the home 00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:36.000 that a woman should not aspire to achieve more than her male counterparts, particularly not more than her husband. 00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:40.000 Even now women with exceptional qualities for leadership 00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:45.000 sense from their parents, teachers, and peers that they must be hardworking 00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:50.000 accomplish more, and yet are less likely to receive appropriate rewards than are men. 00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:54.000 These are very real problems which may never disappear 00:44:54.000 --> 00:44:59.000 or at best change very slowly. 00:44:59.000 --> 00:44:64.000 singing: We bear a very special problem. 00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:08.000 Our large discrepancy is fearsome. 00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:12.000 We can't afford such loss. 00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:17.000 We are a necessary half. 00:45:17.000 --> 00:45:24.000 No objective testing has revealed such substantial differences in talent to account for this discrepancy. 00:45:24.000 --> 00:45:27.000 The failure of women to reach positions of leadership 00:45:27.000 --> 00:45:32.000 is in large part due to social and professional discrimination. 00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:34.000 music 00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:38.000 singing: We bequeath to you our knowledge 00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:42.000 and our problems. 00:45:42.000 --> 00:45:50.000 We mustn't stand as such second class citizens. 00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:54.000 Conquer every mountain 00:45:54.000 --> 00:45:58.000 but there's another one right behind. 00:45:58.000 --> 00:45:62.000 Few of us try and even less succeed. 00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:06.000 Special problem solving takes some time to achieve. 00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:14.000 We'll even out proportions with courageous competence. 00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:21.000 I don't expect in the immediate future that all women who seek it will achieve full equality of opportunity. 00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:24.000 But if women are to start moving towards that goal 00:46:24.000 --> 00:46:28.000 we must believe in ourselves or no one else will believe in us. 00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:33.000 We must match our aspirations with the competence, courage, and determination to succeed 00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:36.000 and we must feel a personal responsibility 00:46:36.000 --> 00:46:39.000 to ease the path for those who come after us. 00:46:39.000 --> 00:46:43.000 The world cannot afford the loss of talent of half its population 00:46:43.000 --> 00:46:46.000 if we are to solve the many problems which beset us. 00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:52.000 We bequeath to you, our next generation, our knowledge but also our problem. 00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:57.000 singing: Let's push forward from our solitude 00:46:57.000 --> 00:46:61.000 grasp at our chances now to make a move 00:47:01.000 --> 00:47:05.000 working twice as hard 00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:09.000 to travel just as far. 00:47:09.000 --> 00:47:12.000 We bequeath to you our knowledge 00:47:12.000 --> 00:47:17.000 and our problems. 00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:20.000 We mustn't stand as such 00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:24.000 second class citizens. 00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:28.000 Conquer every mountain 00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:33.000 though there's another one right behind. 00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:38.000 Conquer every mountain 00:47:38.000 --> 00:47:42.000 though there's another one right behind. 00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:49.000 While we still live let us join hands, hearts, and minds 00:47:49.000 --> 00:47:51.000 and work together for their solution. 00:47:51.000 --> 00:47:54.000 So that their world will be better than ours 00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:58.000 and the world of their children even better. 00:47:58.000 --> 00:47:70.000 applause