WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.000 Kristin mentioned I've been 00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:02.000 at western Oregon university 00:00:02.000 --> 00:00:03.000 just a stone's throw right over 00:00:03.000 --> 00:00:05.000 there for about twenty years 00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:08.000 and a geology professor some of 00:00:08.000 --> 00:00:09.000 our alumni some my students are 00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:10.000 here tonight which is kind of 00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:13.000 cool and I've been working 00:00:13.000 --> 00:00:15.000 I'm a dirt and water person 00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:18.000 we also have a volcanologist 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:19.000 paleontologist and we have 00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:21.000 some other faculty on campus 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:22.000 I also work closely with the 00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:24.000 Botanist and plant systematised 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:26.000 who we work together and what 00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:27.000 On the Luckiamute watershed for years 00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:29.000 doing different things together 00:00:29.000 --> 00:00:30.000 but I am the dirt water guy 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:32.000 here and I am here to tell you 00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:33.000 about the dirt and water is 00:00:33.000 --> 00:00:35.000 also a little bit about little 00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:36.000 Luckiamute Falls which is just 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:38.000 right around the corner of 00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:40.000 the namesake for fall city and 00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:42.000 the title of my talk that I put 00:00:42.000 --> 00:00:43.000 together is geology of Luckiamute 00:00:43.000 --> 00:00:45.000 the river basin central Oregon 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:47.000 coast range which is where we 00:00:47.000 --> 00:00:48.000 are right on the foothills of 00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:50.000 the work central Oregon coast 00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:52.000 range regional framework for 00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:54.000 Little Luckiamute falls yeah 00:00:54.000 --> 00:00:58.000 what I will do is take you 00:00:58.000 --> 00:00:60.000 on a tour give you a little introduction 00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:01.000 to my familiarity with the 00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:03.000 watershed with the Luckiamute 00:01:03.000 --> 00:01:05.000 watershed so a little bit about 00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:06.000 the surface water hydrology 00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:08.000 the climate at the river river 00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:10.000 system itself up waters doing 00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:11.000 a bit about the geologic 00:01:11.000 --> 00:01:13.000 setting where we are in terms 00:01:13.000 --> 00:01:15.000 of the geology the location 00:01:15.000 --> 00:01:16.000 where we're at plus the whole 00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:18.000 watershed that surrounds us a 00:01:18.000 --> 00:01:19.000 little about the geomorphology 00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:21.000 which is the earths surface process 00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:23.000 sees in the land forms that 00:01:23.000 --> 00:01:25.000 make up the landscape that 00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:27.000 we're living around and in 00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:29.000 As we are here in falls city 00:01:29.000 --> 00:01:31.000 I will tell you a bit about 00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:32.000 how little Luckiamute Falls 00:01:32.000 --> 00:01:35.000 fits in with this larger story 00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:36.000 so that's what I have in in 00:01:36.000 --> 00:01:38.000 a few concluding statements 00:01:38.000 --> 00:01:39.000 and hopefully will put 00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:42.000 together story that will 00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:43.000 keep you entertained and this 00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:46.000 makes you Sip n scientists 00:01:46.000 --> 00:01:47.000 everybody's out there sipping 00:01:47.000 --> 00:01:49.000 on something I'm sure and that 00:01:49.000 --> 00:01:51.000 I am at a sip n science 00:01:51.000 --> 00:01:53.000 seminar and that makes you 00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:55.000 Sip n scientists so we'll 00:01:55.000 --> 00:01:57.000 see what we can work up here 00:01:57.000 --> 00:01:59.000 start with at the beginning 00:01:59.000 --> 00:01:61.000 with an introduction we are 00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:04.000 located in western Oregon in 00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:05.000 the coast range of western 00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:06.000 Oregon right in the foot hills 00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:08.000 Willamette Valley that away 00:02:08.000 --> 00:02:09.000 Coast range that away over 00:02:09.000 --> 00:02:11.000 the coast range to the coast 00:02:11.000 --> 00:02:15.000 of course of western Oregon 00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:18.000 geologically we live in a very 00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:19.000 dynamic area it doesn't seem 00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:21.000 like much is happening right 00:02:21.000 --> 00:02:24.000 now around us but geologically 00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:26.000 we live on a major plate 00:02:26.000 --> 00:02:28.000 subduction boundary we have 00:02:28.000 --> 00:02:29.000 called the Cascadia subduction 00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:32.000 zone and we have actively 00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:34.000 Sea floor that is sub-ducting 00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:36.000 beneath our feet right now 00:02:36.000 --> 00:02:37.000 At an angle of sixteen 00:02:37.000 --> 00:02:41.000 degrees down there about fifty 00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:43.000 kilometers forty kilometers or so 00:02:43.000 --> 00:02:44.000 we would find the ocean floor 00:02:44.000 --> 00:02:46.000 we would drill a hole right here 00:02:46.000 --> 00:02:48.000 in the sea floor is generally 00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:50.000 going that way towards the 00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:51.000 cascades and that's what the 00:02:51.000 --> 00:02:54.000 cascades represent is a large 00:02:54.000 --> 00:02:56.000 volcanic arc as the subducting 00:02:56.000 --> 00:02:59.000 slab melts and creates the 00:02:59.000 --> 00:02:60.000 cascade chain of volcanoes from 00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:02.000 northern California to British 00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:04.000 Columbia and we refer to this 00:03:04.000 --> 00:03:06.000 as the Cascadia subduction 00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:08.000 zone occasionally we have 00:03:08.000 --> 00:03:10.000 large magnitude earthquakes 00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:12.000 that happen periodically in 00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:13.000 this area we have not had one 00:03:13.000 --> 00:03:16.000 for several hundred years and 00:03:16.000 --> 00:03:18.000 we also have a very dynamic 00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:20.000 climate very seasonal climate 00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:21.000 Mediterranean climate with 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:22.000 the wet season and the dry 00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:23.000 season that we're all familiar 00:03:23.000 --> 00:03:25.000 with so between the active 00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:27.000 geologic terrain in which we 00:03:27.000 --> 00:03:29.000 live the act of plate tectonics 00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:30.000 active mountain building 00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:31.000 which includes the coast 00:03:31.000 --> 00:03:34.000 range right to the west of us 00:03:34.000 --> 00:03:36.000 right behind us where we are 00:03:36.000 --> 00:03:38.000 driving out of town we have 00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:39.000 active mountain building going on 00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:41.000 right now is every body feel 00:03:41.000 --> 00:03:42.000 the mountains growing out of 00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:43.000 the ground the growing three 00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:45.000 fifth fleet millimeters per 00:03:45.000 --> 00:03:47.000 year on average it doesn't 00:03:47.000 --> 00:03:48.000 seem like much is going on but 00:03:48.000 --> 00:03:49.000 there's a lot going on your 00:03:49.000 --> 00:03:52.000 geologically where we live and 00:03:52.000 --> 00:03:53.000 I'm going to tell you a little bit about that 00:03:53.000 --> 00:03:55.000 in the context of the Luckiamute 00:03:55.000 --> 00:03:59.000 watershed and how that 00:03:59.000 --> 00:03:60.000 fits in eventually I will get 00:04:00.000 --> 00:04:01.000 around to telling you about 00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:02.000 the falls but first let me 00:04:02.000 --> 00:04:04.000 set the stage and then we'll 00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:06.000 talk about the falls and what 00:04:06.000 --> 00:04:08.000 they represent in this larger 00:04:08.000 --> 00:04:11.000 story as Kristen mentions 00:04:11.000 --> 00:04:13.000 I have a long history a long 00:04:13.000 --> 00:04:14.000 love affair with the Luckiamute 00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:15.000 water shed when I arrived here 00:04:15.000 --> 00:04:16.000 twenty years ago I'm the dirt 00:04:16.000 --> 00:04:18.000 water river kind of a guy and 00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:19.000 I looked around and said what 00:04:19.000 --> 00:04:21.000 am I going to do for 00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:23.000 science majors I do research 00:04:23.000 --> 00:04:25.000 you know new faculty member 00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:26.000 I need a laboratory and it 00:04:26.000 --> 00:04:28.000 turned out the Luckiamute watershed 00:04:28.000 --> 00:04:30.000 is our closest laboratory 00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:32.000 to a laboratory for river for 00:04:32.000 --> 00:04:34.000 dirty water and so for the last 00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:35.000 twenty years I've been working 00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:37.000 with colleagues in biology in 00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:39.000 my student colleagues a wide 00:04:39.000 --> 00:04:40.000 variety of projects that has 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:42.000 grown into this collaboration 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:43.000 long term collaboration with 00:04:43.000 --> 00:04:44.000 the watershed council going 00:04:44.000 --> 00:04:46.000 back to the early two thousands 00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:47.000 where I help them with their 00:04:47.000 --> 00:04:49.000 watershed assessment of and 00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:51.000 then a number of projects that 00:04:51.000 --> 00:04:53.000 I've worked on as an adviser 00:04:53.000 --> 00:04:55.000 On advisory panels and 00:04:55.000 --> 00:04:56.000 all those things that Kristin 00:04:56.000 --> 00:04:58.000 mention she did a very good job 00:04:58.000 --> 00:04:60.000 of summarizing that history 00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:03.000 in the meantime up we've also 00:05:03.000 --> 00:05:05.000 had a wide variety of students 00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:06.000 who work who have worked as 00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:08.000 a research assistants and 00:05:08.000 --> 00:05:10.000 interns for the watershed council 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:11.000 and also on research projects 00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:12.000 and a number students work on 00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:14.000 rapid bio assessment with Steve 00:05:14.000 --> 00:05:16.000 Trask we're doing some of the 00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:17.000 GIS work so I we have a long 00:05:17.000 --> 00:05:19.000 history of integrating teaching 00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:21.000 learning service and research 00:05:21.000 --> 00:05:23.000 with the Luckiamute Watershed 00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:25.000 in turn with the community 00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:26.000 through the watershed council 00:05:26.000 --> 00:05:27.000 off and on over the years we've 00:05:27.000 --> 00:05:29.000 got various collaborations and 00:05:29.000 --> 00:05:30.000 grants and various things have 00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:32.000 happened some of the results 00:05:32.000 --> 00:05:34.000 of that makeshift this is 00:05:34.000 --> 00:05:35.000 battlefield conditions here 00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:37.000 as Kristin mentioned with 00:05:37.000 --> 00:05:39.000 our slide show here on 00:05:39.000 --> 00:05:41.000 summer solstice we have lots of 00:05:41.000 --> 00:05:43.000 sun which is good at the same 00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:46.000 time I also have display an art 00:05:46.000 --> 00:05:48.000 gallery over there was some of 00:05:48.000 --> 00:05:50.000 the posters and research that 00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:52.000 had manifested from this work 00:05:52.000 --> 00:05:53.000 for the last twenty years 00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:54.000 can kind of look around over 00:05:54.000 --> 00:05:55.000 there there's all kinds of 00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:57.000 scientific stories to kind of 00:05:57.000 --> 00:05:60.000 View and check out the watershed 00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:02.000 itself we are on the little 00:06:02.000 --> 00:06:04.000 Luckiamute in the watershed 00:06:04.000 --> 00:06:05.000 is divided basically into two 00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:07.000 branches the northern branch 00:06:07.000 --> 00:06:08.000 Little Luckiamute in the 00:06:08.000 --> 00:06:10.000 southern branch the main stem 00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:12.000 of the Luckiamute they both merged 00:06:12.000 --> 00:06:13.000 together the watershed areas 00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:15.000 about little over eight hundred 00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:16.000 square climbers is one of the 00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:19.000 largest coast range watersheds 00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:21.000 the drains eastward towards 00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:23.000 Its part of the Williamete basin we're on the 00:06:23.000 --> 00:06:24.000 western margins of the Willamette 00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:27.000 Luckiamute has 00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:29.000 a very interesting climate 00:06:29.000 --> 00:06:31.000 regime highly variable climate 00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:34.000 across watershed and it's these 00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:37.000 the the the main stem of the Luckiamute 00:06:37.000 --> 00:06:38.000 little Luckiamute merge 00:06:38.000 --> 00:06:40.000 together to form the lower 00:06:40.000 --> 00:06:41.000 part of Luckiamute which 00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:44.000 then in turn merges with 00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:45.000 the Willamette river and up to the 00:06:45.000 --> 00:06:47.000 Columbia River up to the ocean 00:06:47.000 --> 00:06:49.000 Past Portland so we are part of that 00:06:49.000 --> 00:06:50.000 watershed system part of the 00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:51.000 Columbia River basin which is 00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:52.000 a very large watershed that 00:06:52.000 --> 00:06:53.000 extends all the way up into 00:06:53.000 --> 00:06:56.000 Canada and over to Idaho very 00:06:56.000 --> 00:06:57.000 impressive watershed that were 00:06:57.000 --> 00:06:59.000 part of sitting right here 00:06:59.000 --> 00:06:60.000 although it doesn't seem like 00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:02.000 it sometimes the other thing 00:07:02.000 --> 00:07:04.000 that we have going on in this 00:07:04.000 --> 00:07:06.000 watershed we basically have 00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:07.000 two large categories of land 00:07:07.000 --> 00:07:10.000 use depending on the geology 00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:11.000 in the valley flats which is 00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:14.000 where we are eastward over 00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:16.000 towards Monmouth over to the 00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:18.000 Willamette river toward Salem we 00:07:18.000 --> 00:07:20.000 basically have agriculture and 00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:21.000 woodlot management related to 00:07:21.000 --> 00:07:23.000 agricultural practice and then 00:07:23.000 --> 00:07:25.000 in the uplands in the whole 00:07:25.000 --> 00:07:27.000 slopes above us we basically 00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:29.000 have lowlands and uplands and in terms of 00:07:29.000 --> 00:07:31.000 terms of the geomorphology in 00:07:31.000 --> 00:07:32.000 the uplands we have largely 00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:34.000 have timber management history 00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:35.000 long history of timber 00:07:35.000 --> 00:07:37.000 management we have a very 00:07:37.000 --> 00:07:38.000 diverse ownership out there 00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:40.000 with a patchwork of federal BLM 00:07:40.000 --> 00:07:42.000 land in private timberlands and 00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:44.000 I'm sure any of us from around 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:45.000 here and all you know about 00:07:45.000 --> 00:07:48.000 that and we have active logging 00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:49.000 timber harvest still going out 00:07:49.000 --> 00:07:51.000 to this day up there and so 00:07:51.000 --> 00:07:53.000 we have to two different types 00:07:53.000 --> 00:07:55.000 of land use in two different 00:07:55.000 --> 00:07:57.000 large categories of terrain 00:07:57.000 --> 00:07:58.000 Luckiamute watershed we of the 00:07:58.000 --> 00:07:60.000 upland mountain regions in 00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:01.000 the valley lowlands where we 00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:03.000 are kind of starting here and 00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:05.000 going over to the Willamette 00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:08.000 a river in terms of vegetation 00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:09.000 generally fir, western 00:08:09.000 --> 00:08:12.000 hemlock largely agricultural 00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:14.000 mosaic some oak savanna up 00:08:14.000 --> 00:08:17.000 this way some mixed woodlands and 00:08:17.000 --> 00:08:19.000 that's kind of our vegetate 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:20.000 vegetative scenario only get 00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:22.000 this reflective of land use 00:08:22.000 --> 00:08:23.000 agriculture in the low lands 00:08:23.000 --> 00:08:26.000 in the land is arable workable 00:08:26.000 --> 00:08:27.000 timber harvests on steep 00:08:27.000 --> 00:08:28.000 slopes which are not so much 00:08:28.000 --> 00:08:31.000 that way generally speaking 00:08:31.000 --> 00:08:33.000 the headwaters are in along 00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:35.000 the crest of the coast range all 00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:37.000 the drainage is heading this 00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:38.000 way down through Luckiamute 00:08:38.000 --> 00:08:40.000 falls down little 00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:42.000 Luckiamute likewise down in 00:08:42.000 --> 00:08:43.000 the southern part of kings 00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:45.000 valley in the main stem of 00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:47.000 Luckiamute towards Hoskins in 00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:48.000 that area we have a whole other 00:08:48.000 --> 00:08:49.000 branch again draining out of 00:08:49.000 --> 00:08:52.000 the uplands heading somewhat 00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:55.000 north eastward towards the main 00:08:55.000 --> 00:08:57.000 stem of Luckiamute and 00:08:57.000 --> 00:08:59.000 out to the Willamette River 00:08:59.000 --> 00:08:61.000 the falls of course we will talk a 00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:03.000 little bit about and I will tell 00:09:03.000 --> 00:09:04.000 you a little bit more about the 00:09:04.000 --> 00:09:05.000 geology of the falls kind of 00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:07.000 heading for the uplands down 00:09:07.000 --> 00:09:10.000 to the falls and then down to 00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:12.000 the lowlands towards Monmouth 00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:14.000 over towards Corvallis down 00:09:14.000 --> 00:09:15.000 To Corvallis the Luckiamute extends 00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:17.000 Polk County into Benton county 00:09:17.000 --> 00:09:19.000 in covers a diverse range of 00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:21.000 rock types in landscapes in 00:09:21.000 --> 00:09:24.000 our area down to hellmic park 00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:27.000 where the below the tributary 00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:29.000 junction of the little Luckiamute 00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:30.000 Luckiamute and we have 00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:32.000 a gauging station there were 00:09:32.000 --> 00:09:33.000 lucky the USGS is maintained 00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:35.000 gauging station there for about 00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:37.000 seventy years so we have a 00:09:37.000 --> 00:09:39.000 Abundant hydrologic data on the 00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:40.000 discharge of the river that 00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:42.000 helps us kind of understand 00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:43.000 the seasonal behavior and the 00:09:43.000 --> 00:09:45.000 long term flood patterns and 00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:46.000 also some of the sedimentation 00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:47.000 transporting the river we're 00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:48.000 lucky to have that gauge 00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:50.000 station that is managed by the 00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:53.000 USGS and then from there it's 00:09:53.000 --> 00:09:55.000 about eighteen kilometers 00:09:55.000 --> 00:09:57.000 down river to the 00:09:57.000 --> 00:09:58.000 Willamette River merges with 00:09:58.000 --> 00:09:60.000 the Willamette in terms of surface 00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:02.000 water hydrology give a little 00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:04.000 overview of our scenario were 00:10:04.000 --> 00:10:06.000 part of the Willamette basin 00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:08.000 where the central limit basin 00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:09.000 The Willamette basin can 00:10:09.000 --> 00:10:10.000 be divided into a northern 00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:12.000 component towards Portland 00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:14.000 for to the Portland basin and 00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:15.000 then southward to Woodbourne 00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:16.000 kind of the central Willamette 00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:19.000 valley and then from Monmouth 00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:21.000 independent southward we would 00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:22.000 refer to that as a southern 00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:23.000 Willamette valley so Luckiamute 00:10:23.000 --> 00:10:26.000 feeds into the mid Willamette 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:27.000 Valley kind of in 00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:29.000 this central area out towards 00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:31.000 independence kind of our neck 00:10:31.000 --> 00:10:32.000 of the woods in the Willamette basin 00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:34.000 and as I mentioned the Luckiamute 00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:35.000 is one of the larger close 00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:37.000 range watersheds that drains 00:10:37.000 --> 00:10:39.000 eastward to the to the Willamette 00:10:39.000 --> 00:10:41.000 also as I mentioned we are 00:10:41.000 --> 00:10:42.000 very kind of diverse rainfall 00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:44.000 patterns starting out just to 00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:47.000 the west of us up on laurel 00:10:47.000 --> 00:10:48.000 mountain fannow ridge some of 00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:50.000 the higher elevation peaks in 00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:52.000 the area we're getting upwards 00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:53.000 of a hundred hundred twenty 00:10:53.000 --> 00:10:55.000 five inches of rain per year 00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:57.000 on average rainfall equivalent 00:10:57.000 --> 00:10:58.000 with a very significant rain 00:10:58.000 --> 00:10:60.000 shadow effect is the weather 00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:01.000 moves from across the Pacific 00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:03.000 Ocean lifts up over the coast 00:11:03.000 --> 00:11:05.000 range squeezing out the first 00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:08.000 drippings of the cloud moisture 00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:09.000 and then into the Willamette 00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:11.000 basin where we have a bit of 00:11:11.000 --> 00:11:13.000 a rain shadow effect out into 00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:14.000 the Central Valley where we get 00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:15.000 more of around fifty inches per 00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:17.000 year so the other interesting 00:11:17.000 --> 00:11:20.000 facet of the Luckiamute basin 00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:22.000 is in the higher elevation 00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:25.000 areas and source headwaters 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:27.000 we have abundant rainfall 00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:29.000 again seasonal wet season dry 00:11:29.000 --> 00:11:30.000 season as the weather migrates 00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:32.000 eastward we get a dramatic 00:11:32.000 --> 00:11:34.000 precipitous drop off in terms 00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:36.000 available so we have a very 00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:37.000 strong precipitation gradient 00:11:37.000 --> 00:11:39.000 in fact it's one of the one 00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:40.000 of the highest precipitation 00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:41.000 gradients in terms of 00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:43.000 millimeters we had about ninety 00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:45.000 five millimeters of rain fall 00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:47.000 change for every kilometer 00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:48.000 that we travel from the crest 00:11:48.000 --> 00:11:50.000 out to the Willamette River 00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:51.000 the other place where we see 00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:53.000 a strong rain shadow like that 00:11:53.000 --> 00:11:54.000 is in the Klamath mountains 00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:56.000 to the south and to the north 00:11:56.000 --> 00:11:58.000 Up in the Olympic the Olympic 00:11:58.000 --> 00:11:60.000 range in Washington so again 00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:02.000 yet another interesting facet 00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:04.000 of the Luckiamute basin 00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:05.000 only is it one of the larger 00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:07.000 Coast range watersheds but it 00:12:07.000 --> 00:12:09.000 also has a very interesting 00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:10.000 climate and rainfall 00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:12.000 patterns while discharge of 00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:14.000 the river is seasonal discharge 00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:16.000 being the amount of water flowing 00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:17.000 through the channel any given 00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:19.000 time volume in the rate of 00:12:19.000 --> 00:12:22.000 flow and generally follows a 00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:23.000 rain pattern where we have a 00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:24.000 dry season which were heading 00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:25.000 into right now generally the 00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:27.000 summer months this charges at 00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:28.000 a minimum in the winter months 00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:31.000 just charges at a maximum we 00:12:31.000 --> 00:12:32.000 have of flooding events that 00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:34.000 occur seasonally in this area 00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:36.000 the most significant flooding 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:37.000 events that we have in this 00:12:37.000 --> 00:12:39.000 part of the of Oregon and and 00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:41.000 in Oregon in general or what 00:12:41.000 --> 00:12:42.000 we refer to as rain on snow 00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:44.000 events those events where 00:12:44.000 --> 00:12:45.000 we get some snow fall in the 00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:47.000 valley some snowfall lingering 00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:49.000 in the lower elevations slopes 00:12:49.000 --> 00:12:51.000 in winter time followed by 00:12:51.000 --> 00:12:52.000 quote unquote a pineapple 00:12:52.000 --> 00:12:55.000 express were or a warm pocket 00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:56.000 of air that comes in on top 00:12:56.000 --> 00:12:58.000 of that with rainfall intense 00:12:58.000 --> 00:12:59.000 rainfall going on for several 00:12:59.000 --> 00:12:61.000 days at a time in January or 00:13:01.000 --> 00:13:02.000 February when the ground maybe 00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:04.000 is partially frozen that's the 00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:06.000 right combination for large 00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:07.000 flooding in this area because 00:13:07.000 --> 00:13:08.000 we not only have the release 00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:10.000 of the storm water from the 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:11.000 atmosphere is coming in off 00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:13.000 the Pacific from low pressure 00:13:13.000 --> 00:13:15.000 cyclones we also have a release 00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:16.000 of the snow packed it's been 00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:18.000 stored in the valley during 00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:20.000 these events and we had some 00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:21.000 examples of that this past 00:13:21.000 --> 00:13:23.000 winter some of the largest 00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:24.000 floods we know about historically 00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:26.000 nineteen ninety six flood 00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:27.000 nineteen sixty four flood those 00:13:27.000 --> 00:13:29.000 are some of the largest ones 00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:31.000 regionally in the Willamette Basin 00:13:31.000 --> 00:13:32.000 those are both ran on snow 00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:33.000 events and that's where we 00:13:33.000 --> 00:13:34.000 can pack a lot of water in 00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:36.000 to release and its during those 00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:38.000 events where we have rivers 00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:40.000 like little Luckiamute 00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:41.000 the main stem of Luckiamute 00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:43.000 there do stuff with overflowing 00:13:43.000 --> 00:13:45.000 flooding that we're familiar 00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:46.000 with in terms of potential 00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:48.000 property damage or or 00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:51.000 related hazards but also that's 00:13:51.000 --> 00:13:52.000 the time at which the river is 00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:54.000 doing its work and the work of 00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:57.000 the river is to do two things 00:13:57.000 --> 00:13:59.000 in the end it is to transport 00:13:59.000 --> 00:13:61.000 water transports sediment over 00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:03.000 geologic time periods so it's 00:14:03.000 --> 00:14:04.000 basically the gutter of the 00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:05.000 rivers represent the gutters 00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:06.000 of the earth's surface of 00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:08.000 the continents were draining 00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:09.000 the gutters to the ocean just 00:14:09.000 --> 00:14:10.000 like we are draining water off of 00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:12.000 the roof into the gutter and 00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:13.000 down through the down spout 00:14:13.000 --> 00:14:15.000 rivers are doing doing that 00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:17.000 for us on the continent and 00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:18.000 while they're doing that the 00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:20.000 combination of gravity in the 00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:23.000 Gradient and the volume of water 00:14:23.000 --> 00:14:24.000 will dictate the amount of 00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:25.000 power in the amount of energy 00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:27.000 in the river and depending on 00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:28.000 the power and energy in the 00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:29.000 river that will govern the 00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:30.000 amount of erosion the river 00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:32.000 does we happen to live in a 00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:34.000 landscape where we have active 00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:36.000 mountain building combined with 00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:38.000 an intense rainfall pattern 00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:39.000 and with the discharge patterns 00:14:39.000 --> 00:14:41.000 of the river, rivers have the 00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:43.000 opportunity to do abundant erosion 00:14:43.000 --> 00:14:45.000 over geologic time periods in 00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:46.000 the geologic time periods and 00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:48.000 I'm talking about of course we 00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:50.000 we think in terms of long term 00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:53.000 we call it deep time based on 00:14:53.000 --> 00:14:55.000 a large variety of scientific 00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:57.000 analysis in radiometric age 00:14:57.000 --> 00:14:58.000 dating and chemical techniques 00:14:58.000 --> 00:14:59.000 that we now have at our 00:14:59.000 --> 00:14:61.000 disposal to understand the 00:15:01.000 --> 00:15:03.000 ages of rocks and sediment 00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:05.000 reels the time frames were 00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:06.000 talking about for this area 00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:08.000 where we live generally two 00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:10.000 million years unless I can 00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:11.000 pretty much everything on the 00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:13.000 landscape we see within about 00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:15.000 the last two million years has 00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:17.000 had an influence on on where 00:15:17.000 --> 00:15:18.000 we live today and what we're 00:15:18.000 --> 00:15:20.000 driving around we also along 00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:22.000 those along those lines we 00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:23.000 also live in an active volcanic 00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:27.000 landscape to the east of us 00:15:27.000 --> 00:15:29.000 in the cascades where most of 00:15:29.000 --> 00:15:31.000 our high cascade volcanoes so 00:15:31.000 --> 00:15:32.000 we're all familiar with that 00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:34.000 we go skiing on snowboarding 00:15:34.000 --> 00:15:36.000 on three sisters Mount Jefferson 00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:38.000 Mount Hood all the way up and 00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:40.000 down the cascade range those 00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:42.000 Volcanoes were not there a 00:15:42.000 --> 00:15:43.000 million years ago most of those 00:15:43.000 --> 00:15:44.000 volcanoes are five hundred 00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:45.000 thousand years and less and that 00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:47.000 sounds like a long time to a 00:15:47.000 --> 00:15:49.000 humble lifetime hopefully I will 00:15:49.000 --> 00:15:50.000 At least get you know I don't know 00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:52.000 know make it good good good 00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:54.000 I don't know give me a good 00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:55.000 eighty years maybe I'm lucky 00:15:55.000 --> 00:15:57.000 if I can survive that long 00:15:57.000 --> 00:15:59.000 we're talking about earth time 00:15:59.000 --> 00:15:61.000 Relative to human time five 00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:02.000 hundred thousand years is a 00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:04.000 very short amount of time in 00:16:04.000 --> 00:16:06.000 terms of earth evolution when 00:16:06.000 --> 00:16:07.000 we're considering long term 00:16:07.000 --> 00:16:09.000 evolution of the planet so 00:16:09.000 --> 00:16:10.000 the fact that those volcanic 00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:12.000 we see those massive volcanoes 00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:13.000 they they were they were they 00:16:13.000 --> 00:16:14.000 were not around a million years ago 00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:16.000 which is not that long ago and 00:16:16.000 --> 00:16:17.000 geologic time so we live in a 00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:19.000 very active dynamic landscape 00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:21.000 except on human time skills 00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:22.000 doesn't seem like much is going 00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:25.000 on at any given time so we have 00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:27.000 the power of long geologic time 00:16:27.000 --> 00:16:28.000 which is going to be part of my 00:16:28.000 --> 00:16:30.000 story when I talk about the the 00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:31.000 punch line here with the falls 00:16:31.000 --> 00:16:33.000 at the end of the talk we have 00:16:33.000 --> 00:16:34.000 time for erosion to happen 00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:36.000 an evolution of landscape 00:16:36.000 --> 00:16:37.000 including little Luckiamute 00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:39.000 it working on falls eroding 00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:41.000 running of falls to stop about 00:16:41.000 --> 00:16:45.000 this terms of the geology as 00:16:45.000 --> 00:16:46.000 I mentioned plate tectonic 00:16:46.000 --> 00:16:48.000 we are an active plate 00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:50.000 boundary plate subducting ocean 00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:51.000 floor subducting beneath 00:16:51.000 --> 00:16:53.000 us we have a large magnitude 00:16:53.000 --> 00:16:54.000 earthquakes that can happen 00:16:54.000 --> 00:16:55.000 periodically associated with 00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:57.000 that we have active volcanism 00:16:57.000 --> 00:16:59.000 in the other important part of 00:16:59.000 --> 00:16:60.000 this is we have active mountain 00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:02.000 building up with the coast 00:17:02.000 --> 00:17:04.000 range and if we look at a cross 00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:06.000 section of this process see 00:17:06.000 --> 00:17:07.000 Floor is subducting to the 00:17:07.000 --> 00:17:10.000 east we have the high cascades 00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:11.000 the western cascades the coast 00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:13.000 ranges out on the margins where 00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:14.000 we are standing right on the 00:17:14.000 --> 00:17:16.000 edge of the coast range and so 00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:18.000 the cascades represent this 00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:21.000 volcanic accumulation of magma 00:17:21.000 --> 00:17:22.000 That is generated and in 00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:24.000 Buoyantly coming up to the -- 00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:25.000 surface to create a volcanic 00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:28.000 mountain chain the coast range 00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:30.000 on this side of the valley 00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:33.000 represents tectonic buckling we 00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:34.000 have compression is the plate 00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:36.000 is subducting the crust of 00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:37.000 the earth is actually buckling 00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:39.000 and up warping overtime and 00:17:39.000 --> 00:17:42.000 not only that I will show a show 00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:43.000 slide you're not only that 00:17:43.000 --> 00:17:45.000 the coast range this is being 00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:47.000 rotated clockwise or right now 00:17:47.000 --> 00:17:48.000 you don't feel it but we're 00:17:48.000 --> 00:17:50.000 being rotated in a clockwise 00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:53.000 direction like this the coast 00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:55.000 ranges being up lifted in a 00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:56.000 vertical direction in the whole 00:17:56.000 --> 00:17:59.000 ranges being tilted in board 00:17:59.000 --> 00:17:61.000 towards the Willamette Valley 00:18:01.000 --> 00:18:03.000 everybody feel that I think 00:18:03.000 --> 00:18:05.000 I feel that happening now the 00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:07.000 question is how fast is that 00:18:07.000 --> 00:18:10.000 happening maybe a millimeter 00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:12.000 per year half a millimeter per 00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:13.000 year three millimeters per year 00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:16.000 you know all that much which 00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:17.000 doesn't seem like a lot in 00:18:17.000 --> 00:18:18.000 a minute which is why it's 00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:20.000 not noticeable except we now 00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:22.000 actually do notice it because 00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:24.000 we have technology that allows us 00:18:24.000 --> 00:18:26.000 to measure this in real time 00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:28.000 GPS and not the kind of GPS 00:18:28.000 --> 00:18:30.000 on your phone but very high 00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:31.000 resolution GPS for talking 00:18:31.000 --> 00:18:33.000 to satellites we have it the 00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:35.000 geodetic network of colleges 00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:36.000 GPS network throughout the 00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:38.000 western United States where 00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:39.000 we can watch in real time 00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:41.000 your surface moving longitude 00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:42.000 and latitude and vertically 00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:44.000 up and down millimeter by 00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:46.000 millimeter the technology is 00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:47.000 very impressive we have this 00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:49.000 technology this is a recent 00:18:49.000 --> 00:18:51.000 development so we can in real 00:18:51.000 --> 00:18:52.000 time watch the earth move in 00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:54.000 millimeters per year we don't 00:18:54.000 --> 00:18:55.000 have a sense of that though 00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:57.000 I'm sitting on the planet we 00:18:57.000 --> 00:18:58.000 don't have a frame of reference 00:18:58.000 --> 00:18:60.000 for that too slow there's not 00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:01.000 a frame of reference to measure 00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:03.000 it very easily except now we 00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:05.000 have that with GPS which is 00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:06.000 an interesting technology that 00:19:06.000 --> 00:19:07.000 we have this really changing 00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:09.000 our understanding of earth 00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:12.000 dynamics so the coast ranges 00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:14.000 not volcanic there are 00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:16.000 volcanic rocks in it but the 00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:19.000 actual topography is the result 00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:22.000 of tectonic crumpling up 00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:24.000 lifting rotation and in board 00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:26.000 tilted so keep that in mind and 00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:28.000 we are right on the foothills 00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:30.000 of the coast range just the 00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:31.000 sun throw away and this has an 00:19:31.000 --> 00:19:33.000 influence on the falls we'll 00:19:33.000 --> 00:19:35.000 tell you about towards the 00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:38.000 end of the talk that's our tectonic setting 00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:39.000 her plate tectonic setting 00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:41.000 and we certainly learned about 00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:43.000 that in all of our geology or 00:19:43.000 --> 00:19:44.000 science classes very fundamental 00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:46.000 piece of information about 00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:48.000 geologic setting of where we 00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:49.000 live in western Oregon and 00:19:49.000 --> 00:19:50.000 in the Pacific Northwest in 00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:52.000 general we do have some data 00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:54.000 besides GPS data out there been 00:19:54.000 --> 00:19:56.000 some studies done actually call 00:19:56.000 --> 00:19:58.000 them re leveling surveys we 00:19:58.000 --> 00:19:59.000 were we had early surveys in 00:19:59.000 --> 00:19:61.000 the early nineteen hundreds 00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:02.000 for all the roads and bridges 00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:03.000 We had surveyors out measuring 00:20:03.000 --> 00:20:05.000 elevations when the bridges and 00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:07.000 roads were put in then we had 00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:08.000 a team of scientists back in 00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:09.000 the eighties that actually came 00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:13.000 back out and resurveyed the 00:20:13.000 --> 00:20:14.000 the elevations in western 00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:17.000 Oregon and all these locations 00:20:17.000 --> 00:20:18.000 and that's called re leveling 00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:19.000 so we went backout to recheck them in 00:20:19.000 --> 00:20:21.000 and did a kind of a statistical 00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:22.000 analysis kind of from the 00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:24.000 early nineteen hundreds to the 00:20:24.000 --> 00:20:26.000 to the late nineteen eighties 00:20:26.000 --> 00:20:27.000 looking at the differences 00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:29.000 of elevations and we actually 00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:30.000 just through that technique this 00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:32.000 is kind of pre GPS where we did 00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:33.000 not have this high resolution 00:20:33.000 --> 00:20:35.000 technology working for us this 00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:36.000 is kind of old school surveying 00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:39.000 techniques we did find that 00:20:39.000 --> 00:20:40.000 some interesting patterns in 00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:42.000 terms of the up lift in western 00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:43.000 Oregon it is uplifting in 00:20:43.000 --> 00:20:45.000 general western Oregon is up 00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:47.000 lifting the coast is uplifting 00:20:47.000 --> 00:20:48.000 we know this for a number of 00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:50.000 reasons generally to the south 00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:52.000 towards California we have high 00:20:52.000 --> 00:20:54.000 high rates of up lift up to 00:20:54.000 --> 00:20:56.000 about five millimeters per year 00:20:56.000 --> 00:20:57.000 and again that doesn't seem 00:20:57.000 --> 00:20:61.000 like much but that adds up over 00:21:01.000 --> 00:21:03.000 millions of years to the north 00:21:03.000 --> 00:21:05.000 of us in the Olympic peninsula 00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:06.000 those of us that have been to 00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:07.000 the Olympic peninsula and also 00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:09.000 on a clear day in Seattle's 00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:10.000 very beautiful spectacular 00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:12.000 landscape the reason why it's 00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:13.000 such an elevated spectacular 00:21:13.000 --> 00:21:16.000 landscape actively uplifting 00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:18.000 as well and then where we live 00:21:18.000 --> 00:21:19.000 in this part of the coast range 00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:20.000 and kind of the central 00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:22.000 Oregon coast range with all 00:21:22.000 --> 00:21:24.000 refer to where we are we're 00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:26.000 kind of finding net zero up 00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:27.000 lift historically at least 00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:29.000 between nineteen hundred in 00:21:29.000 --> 00:21:30.000 nineteen eighty eight right 00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:31.000 in that time period for this 00:21:31.000 --> 00:21:33.000 particular study showing the 00:21:33.000 --> 00:21:36.000 data for yeah so it's kind of 00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:37.000 interesting where we have high 00:21:37.000 --> 00:21:38.000 rates of up lift with the south 00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:39.000 high rates of up lift to the 00:21:39.000 --> 00:21:40.000 north and then we're kind of 00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:42.000 in a static kind of dynamic 00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:43.000 equilibrium right now at this 00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:45.000 time some of the scientists 00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:46.000 that worked on that speculated 00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:48.000 that that was actually evidence 00:21:48.000 --> 00:21:49.000 given this is historic data 00:21:49.000 --> 00:21:51.000 this is a long term long 00:21:51.000 --> 00:21:52.000 term geologic data there's a 00:21:52.000 --> 00:21:54.000 mountain range here obviously 00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:55.000 it's being uplifted on the long 00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:57.000 term historically though we 00:21:57.000 --> 00:21:58.000 haven't seen we haven't seen 00:21:58.000 --> 00:21:60.000 those examples that short term 00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:01.000 is very different than the 00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:04.000 long term average over time 00:22:04.000 --> 00:22:06.000 And some of the scientists worked on 00:22:06.000 --> 00:22:08.000 that suggested that this net 00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:09.000 zero up left in this particular 00:22:09.000 --> 00:22:10.000 park all the way out to the 00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:12.000 coast and offshore might be 00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:14.000 evidence that the plate is 00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:17.000 stuck the subducting wonder if 00:22:17.000 --> 00:22:18.000 Wandifuca plate is stuck 00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:19.000 of the Cascadia subduction 00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:21.000 zone and a stuck plate is a 00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:22.000 bad thing because when plates 00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:24.000 Are stuck eventually they become 00:22:24.000 --> 00:22:25.000 unstuck and that's often 00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:27.000 times that we we associate with 00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:29.000 large magnitude we call them 00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:31.000 subduction zone megathrust 00:22:31.000 --> 00:22:33.000 earthquakes which are the large 00:22:33.000 --> 00:22:34.000 magnitude earthquakes that 00:22:34.000 --> 00:22:36.000 we have built some awareness 00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:38.000 around in Oregon in the last 00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:39.000 decade or two when we kind of 00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:43.000 understood this process better 00:22:43.000 --> 00:22:45.000 so we have a historic up lift 00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:47.000 going on we have long term 00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:49.000 defamation up lift by virtue 00:22:49.000 --> 00:22:50.000 of the fact that we have this 00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:52.000 kind of a created crumbling 00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:53.000 mountain range right behind us 00:22:53.000 --> 00:22:56.000 to the west this is the stage 00:22:56.000 --> 00:22:57.000 in which the Luckiamute basin 00:22:57.000 --> 00:22:58.000 is sat right in the middle 00:22:58.000 --> 00:22:59.000 of this draining off of this 00:22:59.000 --> 00:22:62.000 up uplifting mountain range to 00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:04.000 the west draining towards the 00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:07.000 east towards the Willamette river where we 00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:09.000 are right past us we have this 00:23:09.000 --> 00:23:11.000 intense precipitation gradient 00:23:11.000 --> 00:23:12.000 because of the rain shadow 00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:14.000 effect I am kind of painting the 00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:15.000 story here this can lead up 00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:17.000 to the punch line about falls 00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:19.000 we have a rain shadow effect 00:23:19.000 --> 00:23:20.000 as waters pushed up over the 00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:22.000 coast range over hundred over 00:23:22.000 --> 00:23:24.000 hundred inches of rain plus 00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:26.000 up in in the crest of the coast range 00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:28.000 rain shadow effect on to about 00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:29.000 fifty inches of rain per year 00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:32.000 in the valley heading heading 00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:33.000 towards the west is the weather 00:23:33.000 --> 00:23:35.000 moves through and we have 00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:37.000 this intense kind of seasonal 00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:39.000 Mediterranean wet season dry 00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:41.000 season kind of climate that's 00:23:41.000 --> 00:23:42.000 associated with our area that 00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:44.000 sets the stage for how this 00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:45.000 river is going to do its work 00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:47.000 overtime and how it's going 00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:48.000 to be operating on the fall 00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:49.000 so that's a very this one 00:23:49.000 --> 00:23:50.000 kind of telling this part 00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:52.000 of the story first then we 00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:53.000 can kind of understand 00:23:53.000 --> 00:23:56.000 more about the geology of the falls 00:23:56.000 --> 00:23:58.000 geologically the watershed can 00:23:58.000 --> 00:23:60.000 basically be divided into four 00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:02.000 geologic domains based on the 00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:04.000 composition of the bedrock in 00:24:04.000 --> 00:24:05.000 the bedrock is underneath us 00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:07.000 we do not have bedrock exposed 00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:09.000 right here we have some soil 00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:11.000 if we were to dig down probably 00:24:11.000 --> 00:24:12.000 not very far maybe a couple 00:24:12.000 --> 00:24:15.000 of meters if that we would 00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:17.000 run into hard durable bedrock 00:24:17.000 --> 00:24:18.000 to have to take a hammer 00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:19.000 and crack on it right now we 00:24:19.000 --> 00:24:20.000 have a thin layer we called 00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:22.000 Regolith kind of a soil 00:24:22.000 --> 00:24:24.000 or sediment layer on top some 00:24:24.000 --> 00:24:25.000 of the sediment has been 00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:26.000 washed by the river down on 00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:27.000 the mountains where we were 00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:30.000 sitting right now underneath 00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:31.000 the soil and sediment is the 00:24:31.000 --> 00:24:33.000 bedrock the crust of the earth is 00:24:33.000 --> 00:24:34.000 holding up the earths surface holding 00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:35.000 up the mountain ranges holding 00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:37.000 the valleys up holding us up 00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:38.000 and we have four different 00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:41.000 basic substrates where we 00:24:41.000 --> 00:24:42.000 are in the northwestern part 00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:43.000 of the basin in the little 00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:44.000 Luckiamute watershed it's 00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:47.000 a combination of sedimentary 00:24:47.000 --> 00:24:49.000 rock in igneous intrusives so 00:24:49.000 --> 00:24:51.000 we have sedimentary rock called Yamhill 00:24:51.000 --> 00:24:53.000 formation named after Yamhill 00:24:53.000 --> 00:24:56.000 just to the north of us 00:24:56.000 --> 00:24:58.000 marine sedimentary rock and 00:24:58.000 --> 00:24:60.000 it's been punched through by 00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:02.000 intrusive magma about forty 00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:04.000 million years ago we called 00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:06.000 the league this in time that's 00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:07.000 Sedimentary rock was intrusive 00:25:07.000 --> 00:25:09.000 punched through by magma that 00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:12.000 then cooled as igneous rock that's 00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:14.000 become very important for the falls 00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:16.000 story so hang on to that idea 00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:18.000 we moved from a plate tectonic 00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:20.000 setting regional setting now 00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:21.000 we're getting down some of the 00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:22.000 basic geology the rocks and 00:25:22.000 --> 00:25:25.000 materials to the south of us 00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:28.000 towards kings valley different 00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:29.000 bedrock material and tidy 00:25:29.000 --> 00:25:32.000 formation tie formation 00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:34.000 that also is a marine sandstone 00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:38.000 shale green sedimentary rock 00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:39.000 to the south towards Corvallis 00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:41.000 in McDonald's McDonald on 00:25:41.000 --> 00:25:44.000 forests soap creek area we 00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:46.000 have yet another domain called 00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:48.000 lithospatial meaning rock 00:25:48.000 --> 00:25:51.000 type domain down toward soap 00:25:51.000 --> 00:25:53.000 creek in in McDonnell done forest 00:25:53.000 --> 00:25:54.000 Area towards corvallis in 00:25:54.000 --> 00:25:56.000 Benton county that's made up of 00:25:56.000 --> 00:25:58.000 Siletz river volcanic Siletz 00:25:58.000 --> 00:25:59.000 river volcanic are ancient sea forms 00:25:59.000 --> 00:25:61.000 that have been scraped off 00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:02.000 during the mountain building 00:26:02.000 --> 00:26:04.000 of the cap of the coast range 00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:05.000 it's the oldest rock we call 00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:06.000 it the basement rock in the 00:26:06.000 --> 00:26:07.000 region it's the oldest rock 00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:09.000 that underlies the younger 00:26:09.000 --> 00:26:12.000 rocks it's a very old sea bed 00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:14.000 of basically extruded basalts 00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:16.000 that we see extruding today 00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:17.000 except these are very ancient 00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:20.000 ones and it has very telltale 00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:21.000 signs of being 00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:22.000 origin there's intermeshed as 00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:24.000 fossils there is pillow basalts 00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:26.000 That are commonly form during -- 00:26:26.000 --> 00:26:27.000 summary volcanism that we 00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:29.000 witness with submarine cameras 00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:31.000 and and submarines we've 00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:33.000 gone down to the sea floor to 00:26:33.000 --> 00:26:34.000 investigate these things so we're 00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:35.000 we're very confident that slits 00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:37.000 river volcanics were on sea 00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:38.000 floor but they've been kind of 00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:40.000 slivered off vaulted up lifted 00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:41.000 and caught in this kind of 00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:43.000 creationary tectonic process 00:26:43.000 --> 00:26:46.000 of seduction forms the basement 00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:48.000 of where we are the underneath 00:26:48.000 --> 00:26:50.000 down down beneath us is this 00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:51.000 are the Siletz river volcanics 00:26:51.000 --> 00:26:53.000 the oldest rocks those are 00:26:53.000 --> 00:26:55.000 also the rocks that make the 00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:57.000 jury soils in the coast range 00:26:57.000 --> 00:26:58.000 Famous for the Pino Noir 00:26:58.000 --> 00:26:60.000 the old basalt makes old red 00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:03.000 soils the old red soils I'm 00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:04.000 kind of a beer drinker myself 00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:06.000 but I've learned enough you 00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:07.000 living in Oregon the old red 00:27:07.000 --> 00:27:09.000 soils are depleted of nutrients 00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:10.000 and that's what makes the grapes 00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.000 you know hold back on the 00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:15.000 leafs and make the grapes and 00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:17.000 that's what makes the nice 00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:19.000 Pinot Nior between here and 00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:21.000 invalid northward the jury 00:27:21.000 --> 00:27:22.000 soil based on the Silitz river 00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:24.000 volcanics the red the red soils 00:27:24.000 --> 00:27:27.000 of Dundee from this type of 00:27:27.000 --> 00:27:30.000 outcrop and then we have in the 00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:31.000 main part of the valley right 00:27:31.000 --> 00:27:32.000 over that way between us and 00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:34.000 the Willamette river we have a 00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:36.000 combination of river alluvium 00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:37.000 valley flats where we have all 00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:39.000 the agriculture flatlands which 00:27:39.000 --> 00:27:41.000 we have river alluvium deposit 00:27:41.000 --> 00:27:43.000 from both the Luckiamute 00:27:43.000 --> 00:27:45.000 river the Willamette river 00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:46.000 And the side tributaries coming 00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:48.000 in plus Missoula floods that I 00:27:48.000 --> 00:27:50.000 will tell you just a bit about 00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:51.000 floods that happened awhile 00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:55.000 back in it's also mixed in with 00:27:55.000 --> 00:27:56.000 outcrops of what we call 00:27:56.000 --> 00:27:57.000 Spencer formation yet another 00:27:57.000 --> 00:27:60.000 marine sedimentary rock that's 00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:02.000 hills for example between here 00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:03.000 in Monmouth Fishback hills 00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:05.000 anybody with me driving over 00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:06.000 towards monmouth with we have the 00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:07.000 rolling hills maybe some of 00:28:07.000 --> 00:28:09.000 you live on those hills those 00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:10.000 are held up by the Spencer 00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:12.000 formation the valley flats in 00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:14.000 between surrounding those low 00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:16.000 low relief hills are the river 00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:18.000 is a river Alluvian so that's 00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:20.000 the kind of a combination of 00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:23.000 Spencer formation river alluvium 00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:24.000 so we have four domains are 00:28:24.000 --> 00:28:26.000 called the yamhill tertiary 00:28:26.000 --> 00:28:27.000 intrusive domain that's right 00:28:27.000 --> 00:28:29.000 behind us heading out of 00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:31.000 Falls city up past the falls with 00:28:31.000 --> 00:28:32.000 the igneous rocks the igneous 00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:34.000 intrusive marine sedimentary 00:28:34.000 --> 00:28:35.000 rock of the tie formation 00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:37.000 to the south of us this 00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:38.000 Siletz river volcanics 00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:39.000 the old makes the old red 00:28:39.000 --> 00:28:42.000 soils for the for the wine 00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:44.000 growing and then we have the 00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:45.000 brown soils that are associated 00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:46.000 between here in Monmouth 00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:47.000 with the Spencer formation 00:28:47.000 --> 00:28:49.000 on the hills in the alluvium 00:28:49.000 --> 00:28:51.000 underneath we have four basic 00:28:51.000 --> 00:28:52.000 lithospatial domains are 00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:55.000 column rock types in the Luckiamute 00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:57.000 basin so it makes it a very 00:28:57.000 --> 00:28:59.000 interesting watershed the study 00:28:59.000 --> 00:28:61.000 because within one watershed I 00:29:01.000 --> 00:29:02.000 have a variable there I have 00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:03.000 a variable as a scientist I 00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:05.000 think of variables right and 00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:06.000 I'm thinking of a variable 00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:07.000 and that would be the best 00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:09.000 rock variable and then that 00:29:09.000 --> 00:29:10.000 allows me to go through and 00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:11.000 see if there's any differences 00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:13.000 in morphology of landscape 00:29:13.000 --> 00:29:14.000 over long periods of time in 00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:16.000 response to those different rocks 00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:18.000 And I will tell you more about that 00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:20.000 can come into play reason why 00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:21.000 I'm telling you this preamble 00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:22.000 it'll come into play when 00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:25.000 I explain falls here in a second 00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:27.000 so simple simplistic marine 00:29:27.000 --> 00:29:29.000 sedimentary rocks there's a 00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:30.000 couple different varieties 00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:34.000 Or igneous, young igneous 00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:35.000 Are the intrusives the old 00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:37.000 sea floor the old gnarly sea floor 00:29:37.000 --> 00:29:38.000 floor makes the red soil so 00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:40.000 we have kind of three broad 00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:41.000 categories will just kind of 00:29:41.000 --> 00:29:42.000 boil down to that the details 00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:43.000 of which we don't really need 00:29:43.000 --> 00:29:45.000 to know the earth doesn't know 00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:47.000 how old the rocks or the river 00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:48.000 doesn't know how old the rocks 00:29:48.000 --> 00:29:50.000 are the hill slopes don't know 00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:51.000 How old the rocks are they just 00:29:51.000 --> 00:29:52.000 know if they are mechanically 00:29:52.000 --> 00:29:55.000 resistant or soft are the 00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:56.000 easily eroded do they create 00:29:56.000 --> 00:29:58.000 landslides are they easily eroded 00:29:58.000 --> 00:29:60.000 or the or the rocks durable 00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:03.000 hard in more erosion resistant 00:30:03.000 --> 00:30:04.000 that's really all the river 00:30:04.000 --> 00:30:06.000 needs to know and again part of 00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:09.000 the story of why the falls is the falls 00:30:09.000 --> 00:30:11.000 get to that in a second we can kind 00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:12.000 of boil that down some basic 00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:14.000 mechanics of the rocks rather 00:30:14.000 --> 00:30:16.000 than the aging history geologic 00:30:16.000 --> 00:30:18.000 storytelling is cool I like a 00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:21.000 good geologic story but that's 00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:23.000 do for river for geomorphology 00:30:23.000 --> 00:30:25.000 I'm kind of just thinking more 00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:26.000 about the mechanical process 00:30:26.000 --> 00:30:28.000 sees in the rock type itself 00:30:28.000 --> 00:30:30.000 I don't really need to know 00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:31.000 that you know two hundred 00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:32.000 million years ago dinosaurs 00:30:32.000 --> 00:30:33.000 Were traipsing the earth if that's a 00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:35.000 cool story but in the kind of 00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:37.000 more engineering geology that 00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:39.000 I'm involved with that kind 00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:40.000 of storytelling doesn't really 00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:42.000 necessarily have anything to 00:30:42.000 --> 00:30:43.000 do with the mechanics of the 00:30:43.000 --> 00:30:44.000 process is what we're looking 00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:46.000 at the earths surface right now so 00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:47.000 this is kind of the area of 00:30:47.000 --> 00:30:49.000 study that I'm involved with 00:30:49.000 --> 00:30:50.000 but I can tell a good geology 00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.000 story just like anybody else 00:30:54.000 --> 00:30:58.000 so the intrusive are important 00:30:58.000 --> 00:30:59.000 part of the story the elites 00:30:59.000 --> 00:30:61.000 scene intrusive which are 00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:03.000 kind of shown here and if you've 00:31:03.000 --> 00:31:05.000 ever driven this way up into 00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:08.000 the hills -- there's a lot of 00:31:08.000 --> 00:31:10.000 road construction right forest 00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:11.000 related road construction 00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:13.000 fire for fire purposes for 00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:16.000 hauling for timber hauling 00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:18.000 recreational use for beyond 00:31:18.000 --> 00:31:20.000 access for warehouse access 00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:22.000 right you know the whole system 00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:24.000 of roads to get lost on outside 00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:25.000 Of falls city which is part of 00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:26.000 the fun to come in to fall city 00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:30.000 city right those roads all have roads 00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:32.000 gravel on it and all that road 00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:34.000 gravel is basically the gabbro 00:31:34.000 --> 00:31:36.000 the basalt the the and not to 00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:38.000 the basalt the intrusive igneous 00:31:38.000 --> 00:31:40.000 rock that I told you about the 00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:42.000 reason why the road builders 00:31:42.000 --> 00:31:44.000 use the intrusive igneous rock 00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:46.000 is is hard and durable if we 00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:47.000 were to use soft sandstone 00:31:47.000 --> 00:31:49.000 or shell make gravel out of 00:31:49.000 --> 00:31:50.000 Soon as the cars are driving 00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:51.000 on it would crumble and fall 00:31:51.000 --> 00:31:54.000 part and you would have to keep regravelling 00:31:54.000 --> 00:31:56.000 refinishing the road so we use the 00:31:56.000 --> 00:31:58.000 hard durable rock to line road 00:31:58.000 --> 00:31:60.000 so as we drive up these logging 00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:03.000 roads look at the gravel most 00:32:03.000 --> 00:32:04.000 of it is quarried and we'll see 00:32:04.000 --> 00:32:05.000 a whole series of quarry 00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:06.000 everywhere along the 00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:09.000 road right quarry rock build 00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:11.000 roads it's all done right out 00:32:11.000 --> 00:32:12.000 in the forest and you see 00:32:12.000 --> 00:32:13.000 quarries everywhere all those 00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:15.000 Quarries are dug into the 00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:17.000 gabbro this intrusive rock is 00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:19.000 very hard very durable that's 00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:22.000 why it's used road gravel so 00:32:22.000 --> 00:32:24.000 that's very important it turns 00:32:24.000 --> 00:32:25.000 out this particular rock it 00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.000 invaded intruded about forty 00:32:29.000 --> 00:32:30.000 million years ago we had these 00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:31.000 others green sedimentary 00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:33.000 rocks or older the younger 00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:35.000 Ingenious intrusive rock happen 00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:36.000 about forty million years old 00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:38.000 slightly younger than that 00:32:38.000 --> 00:32:40.000 intruded as magma was feeding 00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:41.000 up upward to the earths service at 00:32:41.000 --> 00:32:45.000 that time it would intrude both 00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:47.000 vertically into sheets that 00:32:47.000 --> 00:32:49.000 we refer to as dikes igneous 00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:51.000 dikes we call them kind of like 00:32:51.000 --> 00:32:53.000 a plug it would also squeeze 00:32:53.000 --> 00:32:55.000 laterally along the beds of 00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:56.000 the sedimentary rocks that we 00:32:56.000 --> 00:32:61.000 call sills like a window sill 00:33:01.000 --> 00:33:02.000 in that magma would force its 00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:03.000 way in when it cools you end up 00:33:03.000 --> 00:33:04.000 with these hard sheets in the 00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:06.000 sheets can either be oriented 00:33:06.000 --> 00:33:08.000 vertical we call dikes were the 00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:09.000 sheets of igneous rock can be 00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:11.000 or any other horizontal they 00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:14.000 call themselves sills like the windows the 00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:15.000 The geometries that that is 00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:16.000 very important because as we 00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:17.000 erode into the landscape over 00:33:17.000 --> 00:33:19.000 time as the mountains remember 00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:20.000 the mountains are buckling 00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:22.000 and uplifting they're rotating 00:33:22.000 --> 00:33:23.000 clockwise or up lifting the 00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:25.000 rotating in board as the 00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:27.000 mountains go up above sea level 00:33:27.000 --> 00:33:28.000 the river wants to cut down to 00:33:28.000 --> 00:33:30.000 maintain equilibrium with the 00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:33.000 ocean also is the mountains 00:33:33.000 --> 00:33:35.000 go up the slopes deepened as 00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:36.000 the slopes deepened with the 00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:37.000 intense rainfall patterns we 00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:39.000 have plus the intense ground 00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:40.000 shaking that we have every 00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:41.000 three hundred to five hundred 00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:43.000 years of large magnitude 00:33:43.000 --> 00:33:45.000 Cascadia subduction earthquakes 00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:46.000 it sets up the perfect stage 00:33:46.000 --> 00:33:48.000 for large scale land sliding 00:33:48.000 --> 00:33:49.000 in this mountains 00:33:49.000 --> 00:33:51.000 topography so we have deep seated 00:33:51.000 --> 00:33:54.000 landslides that are spawned through co 00:33:54.000 --> 00:33:56.000 seismic activity as well as 00:33:56.000 --> 00:33:57.000 the intense rainfall activity 00:33:57.000 --> 00:33:60.000 plus the uplift which creates steep 00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:01.000 slopes causes things the 00:34:01.000 --> 00:34:05.000 slide down and we also have in 00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:06.000 the mountainous areas we have 00:34:06.000 --> 00:34:08.000 shallow we call them shallow 00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:10.000 rapidly moving landslides were 00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:11.000 quote unquote debris flows 00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:12.000 or mudflows those can also 00:34:12.000 --> 00:34:14.000 happen in this landscape both 00:34:14.000 --> 00:34:16.000 so shallow slips in this soil 00:34:16.000 --> 00:34:18.000 young soil regolith and then 00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:21.000 older deep seeded motion on the 00:34:21.000 --> 00:34:22.000 door over there going in on the 00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:24.000 left I have a a light our image 00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:26.000 which is a laser altimetry 00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:27.000 image kind of advance to the 00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:29.000 graphic mapping that we have 00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:30.000 available to us now for the 00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:31.000 technology that goes along with 00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:35.000 GPS and it is the Falls City quad 00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:37.000 showing this area basically 00:34:37.000 --> 00:34:38.000 from falls city southward ways 00:34:38.000 --> 00:34:41.000 down towards -- Hoskinson 00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:42.000 there's a very nice map over 00:34:42.000 --> 00:34:43.000 there and if you look at that 00:34:43.000 --> 00:34:44.000 map you will see dozens and 00:34:44.000 --> 00:34:46.000 dozens of very large landslides 00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:48.000 that show up very well with the 00:34:48.000 --> 00:34:49.000 light arms so this area the 00:34:49.000 --> 00:34:50.000 the mountainous topography 00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:53.000 here is very prone to spawning 00:34:53.000 --> 00:34:55.000 these deep sea landslide so 00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:56.000 it's the combination of the 00:34:56.000 --> 00:34:58.000 up lift above sea level the 00:34:58.000 --> 00:34:60.000 river down cutting the land 00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:03.000 slides over long turn over a 00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:04.000 long time the river is moving 00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:06.000 the sentiment in the water 00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:08.000 towards the Willamette up the 00:35:08.000 --> 00:35:09.000 Willamette out to the ocean to the 00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:12.000 Astoria fan out past Astoria 00:35:12.000 --> 00:35:13.000 that's all happening right 00:35:13.000 --> 00:35:15.000 now does everyone see it 00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:17.000 I see a big boulder going by 00:35:17.000 --> 00:35:19.000 right now there goes I don't 00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:22.000 see it happening today maybe 00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:23.000 we haven't had rain a little 00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:25.000 bit I've I looked at the water 00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:27.000 today it's pretty clear clear 00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:28.000 Here in the little Luckiamute and the Luck 00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:31.000 today in terms of morbidity 00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:32.000 doesn't seem like much is 00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:33.000 happening very on any given 00:35:33.000 --> 00:35:36.000 day when we start taking these 00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:38.000 millimeters per year story 00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:39.000 than telling you about which is 00:35:39.000 --> 00:35:41.000 almost which is imperceptible 00:35:41.000 --> 00:35:44.000 to us you start adding up to a 00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:45.000 thousand years hundred thousand 00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:46.000 years five hundred thousand 00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:49.000 years millions of years all 00:35:49.000 --> 00:35:51.000 the sudden the river can do a 00:35:51.000 --> 00:35:52.000 lot of work and if you do that 00:35:52.000 --> 00:35:53.000 long enough for example on the 00:35:53.000 --> 00:35:55.000 Colorado River if you take five 00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:56.000 to seven million years which 00:35:56.000 --> 00:35:57.000 is our thinking now you can 00:35:57.000 --> 00:35:59.000 create the entire Grand Canyon 00:35:59.000 --> 00:35:60.000 through that process of daily 00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:02.000 river activity land sliding 00:36:02.000 --> 00:36:05.000 rock fall and slowly the river 00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:07.000 will do its work overtime 00:36:07.000 --> 00:36:08.000 Persistently under the influence 00:36:08.000 --> 00:36:09.000 of gravity and that's how 00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:11.000 the Grand Canyon is formed we 00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:12.000 don't have that situation here 00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:14.000 I mean I do like to fall the 00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:17.000 fall city it's not the Grand 00:36:17.000 --> 00:36:18.000 Canyon but it is a miniature 00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:20.000 version of the processes that 00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:23.000 go on we'll chat about that 00:36:23.000 --> 00:36:26.000 In a sec so that's that's the 00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:27.000 scenario that we have in terms 00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:30.000 of the geology of the watershed 00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:33.000 and the long term process sees 00:36:33.000 --> 00:36:35.000 both on the hill slopes in 00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:37.000 the valley bottoms hydrology 00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:40.000 what the rivers doing one 00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:41.000 other piece of the puzzle to 00:36:41.000 --> 00:36:43.000 understand the history of this 00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:44.000 area and the geomorphology 00:36:44.000 --> 00:36:47.000 of this area is I do have to 00:36:47.000 --> 00:36:49.000 give a nod to Missoula Floods 00:36:49.000 --> 00:36:50.000 in the Missoula floods named 00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:52.000 after lake Missoula which is up 00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:55.000 in western Montana at that time 00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:58.000 we had -- which is about twenty 00:36:58.000 --> 00:36:60.000 thousand years ago we had a 00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:01.000 whole different climate than 00:37:01.000 --> 00:37:02.000 we have now in the northern 00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:04.000 hemisphere twenty thousand 00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:05.000 years ago we were in a glacial 00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:08.000 climate we have glacial ice 00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:09.000 that was accumulated all across 00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:11.000 northern Idaho northern Montana 00:37:11.000 --> 00:37:13.000 northern Washington all the 00:37:13.000 --> 00:37:15.000 way to Puget Sound Seattle was 00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:17.000 covered in probably a thousand 00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:20.000 to two thousand feet of ice 00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:21.000 all the way down to Olympia 00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:23.000 to Coleman Olympia we had a 00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:25.000 large ice sheet we were we 00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:27.000 are we were not glaciated 00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:30.000 then the high cascades we still 00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:32.000 We still have glaciers there today and 00:37:32.000 --> 00:37:33.000 we have much more extensive 00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:35.000 glaciation then as well and we 00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:38.000 Mackenzie river the sandy river 00:37:38.000 --> 00:37:39.000 heading out of Salem you would 00:37:39.000 --> 00:37:40.000 eventually run into a wall of 00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:41.000 ice trying to get up over the 00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:45.000 pass of course today we've had 00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:47.000 warning in the last basically 00:37:47.000 --> 00:37:48.000 eighteen thousand years up to 00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:50.000 present day the glaciers have melted 00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:51.000 back to the highest peaks in 00:37:51.000 --> 00:37:54.000 the cascades in the coast range 00:37:54.000 --> 00:37:56.000 twenty thousand years ago we 00:37:56.000 --> 00:37:57.000 have different climate it was 00:37:57.000 --> 00:37:60.000 cooler sometimes it was wetter 00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:01.000 sometimes it was drier pending 00:38:01.000 --> 00:38:05.000 on the ocean currents off shore 00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:06.000 in in the coast range we did 00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:07.000 not have glaciation in this 00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:09.000 part of the coast range to the 00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:11.000 north we did and still do in 00:38:11.000 --> 00:38:13.000 the Olympic peninsula but of 00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:14.000 course the further south we go 00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:16.000 northern hemisphere the warmer 00:38:16.000 --> 00:38:18.000 it gets so the combination of 00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:19.000 the maritime climate we have 00:38:19.000 --> 00:38:21.000 the kind of modulates our 00:38:21.000 --> 00:38:23.000 climate now the keeps relatively 00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:25.000 warm in the winter wet and 00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.000 warm relatively speaking we 00:38:29.000 --> 00:38:30.000 had a similar scenario on the coast 00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:31.000 range the coast range from 00:38:31.000 --> 00:38:33.000 here down towards southern 00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:35.000 Oregon was not glaciated even the 00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:37.000 highest peak various speak for me 00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:38.000 and then some snow fields or 00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:40.000 maybe a little maybe a little 00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:42.000 patch glacier that might have formed 00:38:42.000 --> 00:38:43.000 possibly we don't have any 00:38:43.000 --> 00:38:45.000 evidence for major glaciation 00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:46.000 so the cost ranges pretty much 00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:48.000 been ice free in Oregon coast 00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:49.000 range is largely ice free for 00:38:49.000 --> 00:38:52.000 last at least twenty hundred 00:38:52.000 --> 00:38:53.000 thousand years we don't have 00:38:53.000 --> 00:38:56.000 any evidence of glaciation so 00:38:56.000 --> 00:38:58.000 it's non glaciated mountainous 00:38:58.000 --> 00:38:59.000 landscape which is different 00:38:59.000 --> 00:38:60.000 and to the north of us it was 00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:03.000 Extensively glaciated as 00:39:03.000 --> 00:39:05.000 a result of that in northern 00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:06.000 Idaho we have blockage by ice 00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:08.000 many of us have heard the story 00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:09.000 before there's an Oregon field 00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:11.000 guide many other things as a 00:39:11.000 --> 00:39:14.000 whole YouTube world of Missoula 00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:16.000 ice and ice age floods online 00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:18.000 it's very readily available and 00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:19.000 we learn about it in science 00:39:19.000 --> 00:39:21.000 classes or science classes as 00:39:21.000 --> 00:39:23.000 part of the story of this area 00:39:23.000 --> 00:39:25.000 but we have major ice stands large 00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:27.000 lakes of water up in western 00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:29.000 Montana and occasionally these ice 00:39:29.000 --> 00:39:30.000 stand there were other I. 00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:31.000 stands as well I just went on 00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:33.000 a field trip last September 00:39:33.000 --> 00:39:35.000 up there was a new research 00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:36.000 has been done turns out there 00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:37.000 wasn't one lake there were 00:39:37.000 --> 00:39:39.000 multiple lakes very complicated 00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:41.000 there wasn't one flood there 00:39:41.000 --> 00:39:42.000 are multiple floods coming 00:39:42.000 --> 00:39:44.000 from Canada very complicated 00:39:44.000 --> 00:39:46.000 actually story to unravel 00:39:46.000 --> 00:39:47.000 with the deposits you're left 00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:49.000 behind the primary story is 00:39:49.000 --> 00:39:51.000 those water would be unleashed 00:39:51.000 --> 00:39:53.000 across the channel scablands of 00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:56.000 Washington flushing all the 00:39:56.000 --> 00:39:57.000 Sediment off landscape you've 00:39:57.000 --> 00:39:59.000 ever driven between Moses lake 00:39:59.000 --> 00:39:60.000 in Spokane has anybody ever 00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:01.000 did that there's a reason why 00:40:01.000 --> 00:40:03.000 they call the scablands because 00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:05.000 it's these scabs of rock that have been 00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:07.000 brush clean of all the soil 00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:09.000 Sediment and these flood waters 00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:11.000 Would rush down the Columbia 00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:12.000 gorge as the story is told is 00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:14.000 a pretty good story and then 00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:15.000 back flood the Willamette Valley 00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:18.000 all the way down to Coburg 00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:20.000 periodically not only once but 00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:23.000 multiple times and as a result 00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:24.000 we would take that sediment 00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:25.000 from Washington during these 00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:27.000 back floods we leave a Radics 00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:28.000 ice rafted boulders that have 00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:31.000 been left around this area 00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:33.000 from they come from Montana and 00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:34.000 actually British Columbia's 00:40:34.000 --> 00:40:35.000 As well as exotic boulders that 00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:37.000 we find no where in Oregon they 00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:38.000 were rafted in on icebergs 00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:40.000 during this flooding event and 00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:42.000 also we have a deposit called 00:40:42.000 --> 00:40:44.000 the Willamette silt which makes which 00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:45.000 is one of our primary soils 00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:47.000 between here and the Lambert 00:40:47.000 --> 00:40:50.000 river much of the hazelnut 00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:52.000 growing and all the flat land 00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:53.000 agriculture in grass seed 00:40:53.000 --> 00:40:55.000 farming that's primarily on the 00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:57.000 Willamette silt which was stolen 00:40:57.000 --> 00:40:59.000 from the Washingtonians fifteen 00:40:59.000 --> 00:40:60.000 to nineteen thousand years ago 00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:02.000 during scablands erosion and 00:41:02.000 --> 00:41:04.000 took all that sentiment flush 00:41:04.000 --> 00:41:06.000 it down here and up in eastern 00:41:06.000 --> 00:41:07.000 Washington those farmers in 00:41:07.000 --> 00:41:09.000 the polls the grow weak to the 00:41:09.000 --> 00:41:12.000 west those poor people in the 00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:13.000 scablands had all of their week 00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:15.000 growing soils stolen and here 00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:17.000 we have it down here we took it 00:41:17.000 --> 00:41:18.000 we have the Washington soil in 00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:19.000 our neighborhood that we are using 00:41:19.000 --> 00:41:22.000 our purposes now that's part of 00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:23.000 Missoula flood story that we are 00:41:23.000 --> 00:41:24.000 multiple floods over time over 00:41:24.000 --> 00:41:26.000 from about fifteen thousand 00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:28.000 nineteen thousand years ago 00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:29.000 know what that has to do with 00:41:29.000 --> 00:41:31.000 us right now is that's an 00:41:31.000 --> 00:41:32.000 interesting story that's good 00:41:32.000 --> 00:41:33.000 that's kind of that's that's 00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:35.000 the icing on the cake in this 00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:36.000 area because I told you these 00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:37.000 ancient stories about igneous 00:41:37.000 --> 00:41:39.000 intrusions forty million years 00:41:39.000 --> 00:41:41.000 ago and marine sedimentary 00:41:41.000 --> 00:41:42.000 rocks fifty six million years 00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:44.000 ago that's really ancient 00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:45.000 history fifteen thousand years 00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:47.000 ago it's like yes I mean that 00:41:47.000 --> 00:41:49.000 is just like yesterday right in 00:41:49.000 --> 00:41:51.000 geologic time frames so that's 00:41:51.000 --> 00:41:52.000 very recent on the landscape 00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:54.000 and still here in this area 00:41:54.000 --> 00:41:56.000 the highest water level of Missoula 00:41:56.000 --> 00:41:57.000 floods reached elevation about 00:41:57.000 --> 00:41:59.000 four hundred feet the I. 00:41:59.000 --> 00:41:61.000 the ice ice birds are cool 00:42:01.000 --> 00:42:02.000 because they float right so 00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:04.000 when they float and the dock 00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:05.000 in on these lakes that would 00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:07.000 form the valley they would 00:42:07.000 --> 00:42:08.000 Dock in and leave the erratics 00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:09.000 behind so you can actually map 00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:11.000 the elevation of the erratics to 00:42:11.000 --> 00:42:12.000 give you a pretty good idea of 00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:13.000 what the high water mark of of 00:42:13.000 --> 00:42:14.000 of the floods that went back 00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:16.000 flood the valley and we have had 00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:17.000 scientists do that there's 00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:19.000 dozens of erratics that have been 00:42:19.000 --> 00:42:20.000 found around here they've been 00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:21.000 knocked out with the elevation 00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:23.000 it we figure about four hundred 00:42:23.000 --> 00:42:24.000 feet is the highest high water 00:42:24.000 --> 00:42:26.000 mark now where we are at work 00:42:26.000 --> 00:42:28.000 where I work in Monmouth 00:42:28.000 --> 00:42:29.000 science building is about two 00:42:29.000 --> 00:42:31.000 hundred feet above sea level 00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:33.000 in Monmouth Jackson street in 00:42:33.000 --> 00:42:34.000 Monmouth avenue average water 00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:35.000 would have been about two 00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:37.000 hundred feet deep there over 00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:38.000 campus to give you an idea 00:42:38.000 --> 00:42:40.000 at the maximum stage of these 00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:43.000 these floods here we are just 00:42:43.000 --> 00:42:45.000 Below the flood line and this is a 00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:46.000 this is actually a map showing 00:42:46.000 --> 00:42:48.000 the high water mark this is the 00:42:48.000 --> 00:42:49.000 inundations of Missoula flying 00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:51.000 for four hundred foot contour 00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:53.000 is shown in the dark here on 00:42:53.000 --> 00:42:55.000 on this particular diagram you 00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:58.000 can barely see in fall city SO 00:42:58.000 --> 00:42:60.000 here we are just inside 00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:01.000 the envelope there would have 00:43:01.000 --> 00:43:03.000 been some lapping lake waters 00:43:03.000 --> 00:43:05.000 here right where we are -- 00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:08.000 just above us not too far we're 00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:09.000 right on the edge a little 00:43:09.000 --> 00:43:11.000 little stem of Missoula floods 00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:12.000 Would have worked their way up here 00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:15.000 schools were were up greeting 00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:17.000 from Monmouth so that's part 00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:19.000 of the story right where we we 00:43:19.000 --> 00:43:20.000 are here we we would have been 00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:21.000 impacted we would've been on 00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:24.000 the shores of of a flood waters 00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:25.000 watching them kind of role in 00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:26.000 certain periods at least during 00:43:26.000 --> 00:43:28.000 the highest times there were 00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:30.000 more other floods that occurred 00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:32.000 at lower elevations as well 00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:33.000 all of its superimposed on 00:43:33.000 --> 00:43:35.000 one another in a complicated 00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:36.000 history over three or four 00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:39.000 thousand years so that leaves 00:43:39.000 --> 00:43:41.000 us with what we learned so 00:43:41.000 --> 00:43:43.000 far we'll talk about the falls 00:43:43.000 --> 00:43:45.000 tectonically we are on an active 00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:47.000 plate boundary seduction going 00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:49.000 on volcanic arc in the cascade 00:43:49.000 --> 00:43:52.000 range accretionary up lift 00:43:52.000 --> 00:43:53.000 buckling mountains to the west 00:43:53.000 --> 00:43:55.000 of us the coast range reforms 00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:56.000 to hide the up the headlines 00:43:56.000 --> 00:43:58.000 of the luckiamute watershed long 00:43:58.000 --> 00:43:60.000 term history of taking marine 00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:02.000 sedimentary rocks punching 00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:04.000 a legasine intrusive the 00:44:04.000 --> 00:44:05.000 souls and dikes into them 00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:06.000 buckling all that up in the 00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:08.000 landscape and then eroding 00:44:08.000 --> 00:44:09.000 into it over time that's 00:44:09.000 --> 00:44:11.000 the history of the coast range 00:44:11.000 --> 00:44:12.000 where we are the Luckiamute 00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:15.000 river has been draining little 00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:16.000 Luckiamute has been 00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:18.000 draining off of this rising 00:44:18.000 --> 00:44:20.000 coast strange taking sediments 00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:21.000 pushing it out towards the 00:44:21.000 --> 00:44:23.000 river parking them depositing 00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:24.000 them along alluvial valleys 00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:26.000 of flood plains and terraces 00:44:26.000 --> 00:44:28.000 trying to make their way to the 00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:29.000 Willamette river and ultimately 00:44:29.000 --> 00:44:31.000 trying to carry those things 00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:32.000 up to the Colombian out to 00:44:32.000 --> 00:44:34.000 the Astoria fan off shore 00:44:34.000 --> 00:44:35.000 it's gonna be awhile doesn't 00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:36.000 the river does not do its 00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:38.000 work all in one day the Grand 00:44:38.000 --> 00:44:41.000 Canyon was not built in a day 00:44:41.000 --> 00:44:43.000 in this river is doing its job 00:44:43.000 --> 00:44:44.000 it doesn't seem like much but 00:44:44.000 --> 00:44:46.000 it's doing that fitfully with fine 00:44:46.000 --> 00:44:51.000 sentiment larger sediment over long periods of time 00:44:51.000 --> 00:44:54.000 so that's the scenario why was 00:44:54.000 --> 00:44:55.000 I asked to come hear someone 00:44:55.000 --> 00:44:56.000 say can you give a talk a 00:44:56.000 --> 00:44:57.000 little Luckiamute falls, so I was 00:44:57.000 --> 00:44:61.000 like well yeah we can do that 00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:02.000 but you know that's a stretch 00:45:02.000 --> 00:45:03.000 of river about what I don't 00:45:03.000 --> 00:45:06.000 know fifty yards you know I 00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:07.000 would have been done a while 00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:08.000 ago and the drinking beer 00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:10.000 by now but to make a little 00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:12.000 more interesting and also 00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:14.000 to provide the context from 00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:16.000 falls we have a much bigger 00:45:16.000 --> 00:45:17.000 contacts I need to tell you 00:45:17.000 --> 00:45:18.000 that preamble the geology 00:45:18.000 --> 00:45:19.000 where we are and why the Luckiamute 00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:21.000 sits at a very critical 00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:22.000 juncture it's important to 00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:24.000 understand this is part of the 00:45:24.000 --> 00:45:26.000 watershed process sees some 00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:27.000 of the restoration is being 00:45:27.000 --> 00:45:28.000 done at bedrock geology has 00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:30.000 an influence on the morphology 00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:32.000 river and -- some land for 00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:34.000 features that can be that are 00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:35.000 that would be important to 00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:37.000 know about whenever Kristen 00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:39.000 in the watershed council are 00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:41.000 design elements and places 00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:42.000 to go to do some of the 00:45:42.000 --> 00:45:43.000 restorations doesn't influence 00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:45.000 on the landscape variables in 00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:46.000 these various regions of river 00:45:46.000 --> 00:45:49.000 they're working on so little Luckiamute 00:45:49.000 --> 00:45:50.000 falls we have a water fall 00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:52.000 correct into morphology we 00:45:52.000 --> 00:45:53.000 have a name for waterfalls 00:45:53.000 --> 00:45:54.000 with a kind of give everything 00:45:54.000 --> 00:45:55.000 alternate and we're calling 00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:57.000 Nick points is basically where 00:45:57.000 --> 00:45:58.000 the river as a very abrupt 00:45:58.000 --> 00:45:60.000 changing gradient so goes 00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:01.000 from constant gradient to 00:46:01.000 --> 00:46:02.000 very steep gradient water fall 00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:05.000 Better known as a water fall 00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:06.000 like when I was out doing my 00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:08.000 dissertation work I take my 00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:09.000 daughters they were like now 00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:10.000 of course they are thirty and 00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:12.000 twenty eight there giant people 00:46:12.000 --> 00:46:13.000 there are little people I take 00:46:13.000 --> 00:46:14.000 Them out the field with me and 00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:16.000 I will be telling them about 00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:17.000 the large woody debris in the 00:46:17.000 --> 00:46:19.000 streams and talking about your 00:46:19.000 --> 00:46:21.000 morphology and they're like 00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:22.000 Dad are you talking about the 00:46:22.000 --> 00:46:23.000 sticks over there is like young 00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:25.000 sticks right so we have a name 00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:26.000 for everything so waterfalls 00:46:26.000 --> 00:46:28.000 We call Nick points to do this 00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:29.000 but basically a very steep drop 00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:31.000 off and what the river was doing 00:46:31.000 --> 00:46:33.000 overtime in this landscape 00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:35.000 we have active mountain building 00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:37.000 the mountainous headwaters 00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:38.000 The river is cutting down over 00:46:38.000 --> 00:46:40.000 time we have the bedrock and 00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:41.000 depending on the mechanical 00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:42.000 resistance of the bedrock is 00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:44.000 Is it erosional resistant and 00:46:44.000 --> 00:46:46.000 hard or is it relatively soft 00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:48.000 and erodible relatively speaking 00:46:48.000 --> 00:46:49.000 that would be one question 00:46:49.000 --> 00:46:52.000 how steep is the gradient are 00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:53.000 there any perturbations will 00:46:53.000 --> 00:46:54.000 falts fractures or any kind 00:46:54.000 --> 00:46:57.000 of discontinuities in the rock 00:46:57.000 --> 00:46:58.000 that would have an influence 00:46:58.000 --> 00:46:59.000 on the ability of the river 00:46:59.000 --> 00:46:61.000 to erode over time and then we 00:47:01.000 --> 00:47:02.000 also have the scenario where 00:47:02.000 --> 00:47:03.000 we have active mountain building 00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:05.000 the tectonics on long term 00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:06.000 which is influencing that 00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:07.000 river because we're actively 00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:09.000 rising in building building 00:47:09.000 --> 00:47:10.000 slopes through through plate 00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:12.000 tectonics which doesn't 00:47:12.000 --> 00:47:13.000 happen everywhere but live on 00:47:13.000 --> 00:47:17.000 actively plate boundary, we are special and so we're 00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:18.000 taking that energy driven 00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:20.000 by gravity in the water from 00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:21.000 this sky in the ground water 00:47:21.000 --> 00:47:22.000 That is feeding the discharge 00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:23.000 we take the discharging take 00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:25.000 gravitational energy we take 00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:26.000 the weight of the water and it 00:47:26.000 --> 00:47:27.000 gives the power of the river 00:47:27.000 --> 00:47:29.000 If you have ever been kayaking rafting 00:47:29.000 --> 00:47:31.000 or working with the river or fly 00:47:31.000 --> 00:47:33.000 fishing you know the energy 00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:34.000 of the river and that energy 00:47:34.000 --> 00:47:35.000 comes from the gradient and 00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:36.000 and the discharge in the river those 00:47:36.000 --> 00:47:37.000 two things pu the energy in 00:47:37.000 --> 00:47:39.000 River and over geologic time 00:47:39.000 --> 00:47:40.000 that's what the river does the 00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:41.000 erode and transport sentiment it 00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:45.000 transports water that's its job 00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:46.000 so that's the geologic 00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:47.000 perspective it's not like the 00:47:47.000 --> 00:47:48.000 river knows it's doing that's 00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:50.000 Its obeying the laws of physics 00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:51.000 While it does that it kind of knows 00:47:51.000 --> 00:47:53.000 it's doing it is very efficient 00:47:53.000 --> 00:47:54.000 actually a very efficient machine 00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:57.000 doing that job that's how we 00:47:57.000 --> 00:47:59.000 get the Grand Canyon waterfalls 00:47:59.000 --> 00:47:60.000 I've known Niagara Falls kind 00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:02.000 of cool which is a tad bit 00:48:02.000 --> 00:48:04.000 bigger than falls at the Little 00:48:04.000 --> 00:48:05.000 Luckiamute and we have 00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:07.000 both historic observations of 00:48:07.000 --> 00:48:08.000 Niagara Falls Niagara Falls 00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:09.000 is interesting because that 00:48:09.000 --> 00:48:11.000 was significantly glaciated 00:48:11.000 --> 00:48:13.000 it's it's in northern New York 00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:15.000 Ontario Canada that was under 00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:17.000 major ice twenty thousand 00:48:17.000 --> 00:48:19.000 years ago that was definitely 00:48:19.000 --> 00:48:21.000 glacial country and we have 00:48:21.000 --> 00:48:23.000 a very precise time we know 00:48:23.000 --> 00:48:24.000 based on radiocarbon dating 00:48:24.000 --> 00:48:25.000 a reconstruction of the 00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:27.000 glaciation last ice age in 00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:30.000 the late Pleistocene we called 00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:32.000 the Wisconsin glaciation which 00:48:32.000 --> 00:48:34.000 was the last major one about 00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:36.000 twenty thousand years ago at 00:48:36.000 --> 00:48:39.000 it's max we are very precise 00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:41.000 retreat dates of when that 00:48:41.000 --> 00:48:43.000 ice was melting off of the 00:48:43.000 --> 00:48:47.000 Niagara river in the area so 00:48:47.000 --> 00:48:48.000 we actually know the point at 00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:50.000 which that river was exposed 00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:52.000 from underneath the ice and 00:48:52.000 --> 00:48:54.000 and we actually have pretty 00:48:54.000 --> 00:48:55.000 good age dating to know how 00:48:55.000 --> 00:48:57.000 fast at the falls have been 00:48:57.000 --> 00:48:59.000 evolving over time in what we 00:48:59.000 --> 00:48:61.000 find is waterfalls generally 00:49:01.000 --> 00:49:02.000 what they like to do is 00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:05.000 Erode headward upstream it makes 00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:06.000 sense as we erode the way the 00:49:06.000 --> 00:49:08.000 roads away the rim of the 00:49:08.000 --> 00:49:10.000 Falls the falls retreats and we are 00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:12.000 eroding over time with rock fall 00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:14.000 an abrasion and some dissolving 00:49:14.000 --> 00:49:15.000 maybe through the water water 00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:18.000 Reactions chemical reactions 00:49:18.000 --> 00:49:20.000 retreats upstream retreats up 00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:22.000 steam generally waterfalls or 00:49:22.000 --> 00:49:24.000 Nick points migrate upstream 00:49:24.000 --> 00:49:27.000 As they erode back sometimes though 00:49:27.000 --> 00:49:28.000 sometimes they come in come 00:49:28.000 --> 00:49:29.000 in packs will have multiple 00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:31.000 Nick points two or three Nick 00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:32.000 points lined up waterfall 00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:34.000 Waterfall waterfall and they will 00:49:34.000 --> 00:49:35.000 all migrate sometimes they 00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:37.000 cannibalize each other depending 00:49:37.000 --> 00:49:38.000 on the rate at which they 00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:40.000 migrate one downstream can 00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:41.000 migrate faster the one upstream 00:49:41.000 --> 00:49:43.000 in action cannibalized one upstream so it's 00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:44.000 kind of a fact again this is 00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:46.000 all over geologic time raise 00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:47.000 not happening that day it's 00:49:47.000 --> 00:49:48.000 happening over hundreds of 00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:51.000 thousands or millions of years 00:49:51.000 --> 00:49:52.000 it turns out this particular 00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:54.000 Niagara river is interesting 00:49:54.000 --> 00:49:55.000 because it was glaciated so 00:49:55.000 --> 00:49:56.000 dramatically perturbed by 00:49:56.000 --> 00:49:60.000 the glaciation the rate 00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:01.000 of erosion is very fast and 00:50:01.000 --> 00:50:03.000 in the question is how fast 00:50:03.000 --> 00:50:04.000 these rivers do this right 00:50:04.000 --> 00:50:07.000 question how how fast how long 00:50:07.000 --> 00:50:08.000 geologically we have trouble 00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:09.000 thinking about that as humans 00:50:09.000 --> 00:50:10.000 because we're on the small 00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:12.000 time frame and everything's 00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:13.000 happening over slow sometimes 00:50:13.000 --> 00:50:14.000 very slow periods of a long 00:50:14.000 --> 00:50:16.000 time frame we have trouble 00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:19.000 figuring that out it turns 00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:20.000 out that the Niagara river for 00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:21.000 about the last eleven thousand 00:50:21.000 --> 00:50:23.000 years there's been ice free 00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:24.000 has been retreating at an 00:50:24.000 --> 00:50:26.000 average rate of one meter 00:50:26.000 --> 00:50:30.000 per year which is very fast 00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:31.000 one meter per year is in very 00:50:31.000 --> 00:50:33.000 rapid erosion rate by any 00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:35.000 measure of any river doing 00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:38.000 a job and we have some other 00:50:38.000 --> 00:50:40.000 rivers also that year have 00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:41.000 eroded at that rate of the 00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:42.000 upper Mississippi St Anthony falls 00:50:42.000 --> 00:50:44.000 in the Minnesota area 00:50:44.000 --> 00:50:47.000 also similar river glaciated 00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:49.000 perturbed very rapid erosion 00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:50.000 rate so those those are those 00:50:50.000 --> 00:50:51.000 the rates are happening fast 00:50:51.000 --> 00:50:54.000 enough season historically and 00:50:54.000 --> 00:50:55.000 we do have historic erosion 00:50:55.000 --> 00:50:58.000 data as Niagara Falls has been 00:50:58.000 --> 00:50:59.000 retreating since the eighteen 00:50:59.000 --> 00:50:61.000 hundred's its been settled 00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:02.000 seventeen hundred sixteen 00:51:02.000 --> 00:51:04.000 hundred when it was settled 00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:09.000 data so a couple questions we 00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:11.000 ask about we want one primary 00:51:11.000 --> 00:51:12.000 question we ask is the Nick 00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:14.000 point or a waterfall is how 00:51:14.000 --> 00:51:15.000 fast are you retreating or 00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:16.000 Are you retreating what is the 00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:17.000 erosion rate that's a question 00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:19.000 we ask of the river of course 00:51:19.000 --> 00:51:20.000 we would need an age dating 00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:21.000 technique to figure that 00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:24.000 out we can do some guessing 00:51:24.000 --> 00:51:25.000 And arm waving which 00:51:25.000 --> 00:51:28.000 I have been doing some of 00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:32.000 kind of technique radio metric 00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:33.000 technique figure out numerical 00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:36.000 ages to figure that out and it 00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:37.000 turns out we have scientists 00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:38.000 have done that and it is it 00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:40.000 is something we can do we have 00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:41.000 some techniques call causing 00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:42.000 Genetic isotope dating it's 00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:43.000 relatively new technique where 00:51:43.000 --> 00:51:45.000 we can figure these things out 00:51:45.000 --> 00:51:46.000 radiocarbon age dating on the 00:51:46.000 --> 00:51:48.000 deposits can help to decipher 00:51:48.000 --> 00:51:52.000 these things so screaming fast 00:51:52.000 --> 00:51:53.000 the question is how fast is 00:51:53.000 --> 00:51:55.000 a waterfall retreat upstream 00:51:55.000 --> 00:51:58.000 through erosion very rapid rates 00:51:58.000 --> 00:51:59.000 we're talking one meter per 00:51:59.000 --> 00:51:61.000 year two examples that's like 00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:04.000 super fast on steroid waterfall 00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:07.000 erosion kind of modest normal 00:52:07.000 --> 00:52:09.000 rates for normal rivers that 00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:10.000 haven't been perturbed by this 00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:13.000 kind of glaciation business 00:52:13.000 --> 00:52:15.000 about two to three centimeters 00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:19.000 per year waterfall retreat 00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:22.000 erosion into the rock carving 00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:24.000 into the rock so that doesn't 00:52:24.000 --> 00:52:26.000 seem like much but if you 00:52:26.000 --> 00:52:27.000 add that up over you know two 00:52:27.000 --> 00:52:29.000 three centimeters per year like 00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:31.000 one centimeter per year which 00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:33.000 is not much over a million 00:52:33.000 --> 00:52:36.000 years turns out to be like ten 00:52:36.000 --> 00:52:39.000 climbers like six miles so 00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:40.000 that's a very that's a very 00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:42.000 fast rate not as fast as meter 00:52:42.000 --> 00:52:45.000 per day which is like super 00:52:45.000 --> 00:52:48.000 fast so the question that we 00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:50.000 would ask of the falls in Falls 00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:52.000 cities how fast have you been 00:52:52.000 --> 00:52:56.000 Eroding historically geologically 00:52:56.000 --> 00:52:57.000 so these are questions we 00:52:57.000 --> 00:52:59.000 have and then in general we're 00:52:59.000 --> 00:52:61.000 asking we ask these questions 00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:02.000 of the coast range of the 00:53:02.000 --> 00:53:03.000 rivers how fast you they're 00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:05.000 Eroding how fast are they incising 00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:07.000 their valleys how faster removing 00:53:07.000 --> 00:53:08.000 settlement to the Willamette 00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:11.000 River the sedimentation rate 00:53:11.000 --> 00:53:12.000 well turns out we have a 00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:14.000 very rich scientific culture 00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:15.000 in Oregon specially fluvial 00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:17.000 geomorphology Oregon State 00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:19.000 University university of Oregon 00:53:19.000 --> 00:53:20.000 Portland state of course the 00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:21.000 best university in the state western 00:53:21.000 --> 00:53:23.000 Oregon university we all 00:53:23.000 --> 00:53:24.000 have fluvial geomorphology 00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:25.000 just we all have people were 00:53:25.000 --> 00:53:27.000 interested and concepts of 00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:29.000 landscape evolution erosions 00:53:29.000 --> 00:53:30.000 very robust place to be a 00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:32.000 Geomorphologist i am very lucky 00:53:32.000 --> 00:53:33.000 we've done some studies on the 00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:37.000 coast range in what we found 00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:38.000 in the coast range erosion 00:53:38.000 --> 00:53:41.000 rates are about point 05 00:53:41.000 --> 00:53:42.000 to point two millimeters per 00:53:42.000 --> 00:53:44.000 year also done similar studies 00:53:44.000 --> 00:53:46.000 in western cascades done on 00:53:46.000 --> 00:53:48.000 the experimental forest in 00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:49.000 mackenzie river basin blue river 00:53:49.000 --> 00:53:52.000 area where there's a experimental 00:53:52.000 --> 00:53:54.000 for us we have had a small issue 00:53:54.000 --> 00:53:55.000 scientists have been working 00:53:55.000 --> 00:53:58.000 there for decades coming up 00:53:58.000 --> 00:53:60.000 with about point one five to 00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:01.000 point three three millimeters 00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:02.000 per year and everybody sitting 00:54:02.000 --> 00:54:03.000 there like what I mean you 00:54:03.000 --> 00:54:05.000 know that's like much per year 00:54:05.000 --> 00:54:08.000 right I mean it's imperceptible 00:54:08.000 --> 00:54:09.000 Erosion rates based on sedimentary 00:54:09.000 --> 00:54:12.000 Sediment deposits 00:54:12.000 --> 00:54:13.000 actual measurements physical 00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:16.000 measurements of erosion does -- 00:54:16.000 --> 00:54:17.000 suspended sediment load in the 00:54:17.000 --> 00:54:19.000 rivers and and and and doing 00:54:19.000 --> 00:54:20.000 Equivalent erosion rate from 00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:22.000 that so these are 00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:24.000 incision of volcanic rocks and 00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:26.000 gives very precise age dates 00:54:26.000 --> 00:54:27.000 which which are very nice 00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:29.000 because we can we can pinpoint 00:54:29.000 --> 00:54:31.000 volcanic deposits are very nice 00:54:31.000 --> 00:54:33.000 we can fairly easily age 00:54:33.000 --> 00:54:34.000 date them and then we can tell 00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:35.000 how long things have evolved 00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:36.000 how if they've been insized we 00:54:36.000 --> 00:54:38.000 can actually get an idea 00:54:38.000 --> 00:54:40.000 of how fast the erosion is so 00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:42.000 between the western cascades 00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:43.000 and the coast range based on a 00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:45.000 handful of studies and it's hard to 00:54:45.000 --> 00:54:47.000 get those age dates this is not 00:54:47.000 --> 00:54:48.000 easy to do but but we felt some 00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:51.000 studies I'm gonna throw out and 00:54:51.000 --> 00:54:53.000 about point two millimeters per 00:54:53.000 --> 00:54:54.000 year on average the landscape 00:54:54.000 --> 00:54:56.000 is being eroded around us point 00:54:56.000 --> 00:54:59.000 two millimeters per year what 00:54:59.000 --> 00:54:62.000 Inperceptable well it turns out 00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:04.000 that at point two millimeters 00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:07.000 per year over a million 00:55:07.000 --> 00:55:08.000 years and what's a million 00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:10.000 years amongst sip n scientists 00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:15.000 at a geology presentation 00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:16.000 million years is totally 00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:18.000 doable four and a half billion 00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:19.000 You know that gets a little 00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:22.000 bit annoying a million years into that pretty 00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:27.000 easily landscape still fresh 00:55:27.000 --> 00:55:28.000 turns out to be about two 00:55:28.000 --> 00:55:29.000 hundred meters of retreat but 00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:31.000 two football fields a retreat 00:55:31.000 --> 00:55:32.000 per million years that would 00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:35.000 be based on vertical incision 00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:36.000 like making a Grand Canyon 00:55:36.000 --> 00:55:39.000 plus lateral and and retreat 00:55:39.000 --> 00:55:41.000 Upper rate there are lower rates 00:55:41.000 --> 00:55:43.000 actually I mean if we were 00:55:43.000 --> 00:55:45.000 just to fantasize then given 00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:47.000 that rate versus the meter 00:55:47.000 --> 00:55:48.000 per day on steroids with the 00:55:48.000 --> 00:55:51.000 glacial Niagara Falls which 00:55:51.000 --> 00:55:52.000 is like a ridiculously huge 00:55:52.000 --> 00:55:53.000 number of the average river 00:55:53.000 --> 00:55:55.000 doesn't even attain let's 00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:56.000 call it one centimeter per 00:55:56.000 --> 00:55:58.000 year that would be like super 00:55:58.000 --> 00:55:59.000 screening compared to the 00:55:59.000 --> 00:55:60.000 numbers we've observed in 00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:02.000 this area one centimeter per 00:56:02.000 --> 00:56:04.000 year would actually cause 00:56:04.000 --> 00:56:05.000 retreat of about ten kilometers 00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:07.000 over a million years which is 00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:10.000 a lot like six miles so that 00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:11.000 seems seems like a really high 00:56:11.000 --> 00:56:12.000 number based on what we've 00:56:12.000 --> 00:56:14.000 observed so I'm gonna I'm 00:56:14.000 --> 00:56:15.000 just gonna pull a number out 00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:18.000 of my hat based on the ranges 00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:20.000 scientists doing this work with 00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:21.000 radiometric age dating we're 00:56:21.000 --> 00:56:24.000 gonna put it at about -- point 00:56:24.000 --> 00:56:25.000 two millimeters per year on 00:56:25.000 --> 00:56:26.000 average rivers eroding 00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:27.000 I bet you didn't know that if 00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:28.000 you're out with friends and 00:56:28.000 --> 00:56:30.000 family you're at a bar you wanna 00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:33.000 make a friend you just kind of 00:56:33.000 --> 00:56:35.000 like Hey did you know average 00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:36.000 erosion rates in this area 00:56:36.000 --> 00:56:37.000 about point two millimeters 00:56:37.000 --> 00:56:43.000 per year can I buy you a drink 00:56:43.000 --> 00:56:45.000 what its a good way to get 00:56:45.000 --> 00:56:50.000 punched in the face maybe 00:56:50.000 --> 00:56:51.000 so let's hold on to that number 00:56:51.000 --> 00:56:52.000 let's call two two hundred 00:56:52.000 --> 00:56:55.000 millimeters per million years 00:56:55.000 --> 00:56:56.000 he saw a number based on on 00:56:56.000 --> 00:56:58.000 both a western cascade study 00:56:58.000 --> 00:56:60.000 And a couple different studies and that is pretty 00:57:00.000 --> 00:57:01.000 can see in science whenever you 00:57:01.000 --> 00:57:02.000 get three or four people come 00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:03.000 up with the same number using 00:57:03.000 --> 00:57:05.000 different places and techniques 00:57:05.000 --> 00:57:06.000 of like okay that's pretty good 00:57:06.000 --> 00:57:09.000 day in geology it'll take up 00:57:09.000 --> 00:57:10.000 back to I have a white image 00:57:10.000 --> 00:57:12.000 and it's the top on the border 00:57:12.000 --> 00:57:13.000 of up on the door over there 00:57:13.000 --> 00:57:14.000 is mention on left in going 00:57:14.000 --> 00:57:16.000 and it's one meter resolution 00:57:16.000 --> 00:57:17.000 white ours this technique we 00:57:17.000 --> 00:57:19.000 use aircraft kinda like sonar in 00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:20.000 the ocean were we are bouncing sound 00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:21.000 Waves and mapping the ocean 00:57:21.000 --> 00:57:25.000 floor we fly over with aircraft 00:57:25.000 --> 00:57:26.000 And bounce lasers same idea 00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:28.000 we measure the travel time we 00:57:28.000 --> 00:57:29.000 get very high resolution -- 00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:32.000 topography and it is cool because 00:57:32.000 --> 00:57:33.000 what we can do in such high 00:57:33.000 --> 00:57:34.000 resolution were getting like 00:57:34.000 --> 00:57:36.000 eight data points per square 00:57:36.000 --> 00:57:38.000 meter lots of information 00:57:38.000 --> 00:57:39.000 what's cool is we can actually 00:57:39.000 --> 00:57:41.000 filter out using computer 00:57:41.000 --> 00:57:42.000 processing we can filter off 00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:44.000 the trees kind of virtually 00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:45.000 clear cut all the trees which 00:57:45.000 --> 00:57:47.000 geologists likes to do I like 00:57:47.000 --> 00:57:48.000 to see the earth I am a geomorphologist 00:57:48.000 --> 00:57:51.000 I study the earths surface my plant 00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:53.000 Plant colleagues of course like the 00:57:53.000 --> 00:57:54.000 trees in the forest canopy but 00:57:54.000 --> 00:57:55.000 I want to see what's underneath 00:57:55.000 --> 00:57:56.000 those so we can actually 00:57:56.000 --> 00:57:58.000 virtually take the trees away 00:57:58.000 --> 00:57:59.000 look at the surface underneath 00:57:59.000 --> 00:57:61.000 actually really cool tool 00:58:01.000 --> 00:58:03.000 we call bare earth models it 00:58:03.000 --> 00:58:05.000 allows us to get very accurate 00:58:05.000 --> 00:58:06.000 representations of the earths surface 00:58:06.000 --> 00:58:07.000 underneath the tree cover 00:58:07.000 --> 00:58:08.000 which is problematic in Oregon 00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:10.000 Even with photography so it is 00:58:10.000 --> 00:58:11.000 a really cool technique this 00:58:11.000 --> 00:58:14.000 change again GPS radiometric 00:58:14.000 --> 00:58:16.000 age dating lightar three 00:58:16.000 --> 00:58:17.000 things that have totally change 00:58:17.000 --> 00:58:19.000 the geologic game for for 00:58:19.000 --> 00:58:21.000 science in the last twenty 00:58:21.000 --> 00:58:22.000 twenty years let's just call 00:58:22.000 --> 00:58:24.000 it we're getting a lot more 00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:26.000 information about the earth so 00:58:26.000 --> 00:58:28.000 as a result here years wider 00:58:28.000 --> 00:58:29.000 image focusing in here here 00:58:29.000 --> 00:58:31.000 the sipnscientists sitting 00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:34.000 here here is the falls and we 00:58:34.000 --> 00:58:36.000 have the slider image there is 00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:38.000 the relect actual Nick point 00:58:38.000 --> 00:58:40.000 right here this is the modern 00:58:40.000 --> 00:58:41.000 day nick point and we actually 00:58:41.000 --> 00:58:43.000 see evidence of nick point 00:58:43.000 --> 00:58:45.000 here shows up very nicely on 00:58:45.000 --> 00:58:47.000 the on the image so I make an 00:58:47.000 --> 00:58:49.000 interpretation that this sharp 00:58:49.000 --> 00:58:50.000 Wedge right over here on the 00:58:50.000 --> 00:58:52.000 edge of town driving right over 00:58:52.000 --> 00:58:53.000 towards the bridge the sharp 00:58:53.000 --> 00:58:55.000 wedge actually marks the point 00:58:55.000 --> 00:58:57.000 in the past where the falls 00:58:57.000 --> 00:58:60.000 was and that the falls has retreated 00:59:00.000 --> 00:59:02.000 upstream as waterfalls or 00:59:02.000 --> 00:59:04.000 Nick points do and so I should 00:59:04.000 --> 00:59:06.000 be able to play a game just 00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:07.000 using my erosion rate kind of 00:59:07.000 --> 00:59:09.000 playing my back of the envelope 00:59:09.000 --> 00:59:10.000 erosion rates based on the 00:59:10.000 --> 00:59:12.000 studies have been done from 00:59:12.000 --> 00:59:14.000 the relic nick point that I see on 00:59:14.000 --> 00:59:15.000 Lidar to the modern day 00:59:15.000 --> 00:59:17.000 falls to the modern day nick 00:59:17.000 --> 00:59:20.000 point in using my crack 00:59:20.000 --> 00:59:21.000 Google earth tool today when 00:59:21.000 --> 00:59:22.000 I was sitting at home kind 00:59:22.000 --> 00:59:23.000 of looking at all this put my 00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:25.000 talk together I figured it is about 00:59:25.000 --> 00:59:27.000 two hundred seventy five meters 00:59:27.000 --> 00:59:29.000 between this fossel nick point 00:59:29.000 --> 00:59:32.000 in the modern day nick point so breaking 00:59:32.000 --> 00:59:35.000 a little math wizardry using 00:59:35.000 --> 00:59:36.000 my unit algebra that teach 00:59:36.000 --> 00:59:39.000 students all the time I've got 00:59:39.000 --> 00:59:41.000 one million years two hundred 00:59:41.000 --> 00:59:42.000 meet one million two million 00:59:42.000 --> 00:59:43.000 years for every two hundred meters 00:59:43.000 --> 00:59:45.000 of retreat I've got about two 00:59:45.000 --> 00:59:47.000 hundred and seventy five meters 00:59:47.000 --> 00:59:48.000 between the ancient fossil 00:59:48.000 --> 00:59:49.000 Nick point right down here in 00:59:49.000 --> 00:59:52.000 the modern falls up above the 00:59:52.000 --> 00:59:54.000 Gives me about one and a half 00:59:54.000 --> 00:59:56.000 million years the falls has 00:59:56.000 --> 00:59:58.000 been slowly working its way 00:59:58.000 --> 00:59:61.000 out to its present position 01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:02.000 based on that assumption about 01:00:02.000 --> 01:00:03.000 the point two millimeters 01:00:03.000 --> 01:00:04.000 per year two hundred 01:00:04.000 --> 01:00:06.000 millimeters for years base 01:00:06.000 --> 01:00:08.000 once scientific observations 01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:11.000 we have from the region 01:00:11.000 --> 01:00:12.000 so the so the point is 01:00:12.000 --> 01:00:14.000 marching the other thing is 01:00:14.000 --> 01:00:17.000 why is the nick point there 01:00:17.000 --> 01:00:18.000 the nick point is there because 01:00:18.000 --> 01:00:21.000 of differential erosion back 01:00:21.000 --> 01:00:23.000 to the story Falls City sits right 01:00:23.000 --> 01:00:24.000 here this grey the grey 01:00:24.000 --> 01:00:26.000 show on here is the tertiary 01:00:26.000 --> 01:00:28.000 intrusive it's the sills 01:00:28.000 --> 01:00:29.000 in the dikes of the igneous 01:00:29.000 --> 01:00:31.000 rock hard and mechanically 01:00:31.000 --> 01:00:35.000 resistant welded igneous 01:00:35.000 --> 01:00:37.000 crystalline well integrated and 01:00:37.000 --> 01:00:39.000 Sits right at the juncture between 01:00:39.000 --> 01:00:41.000 That and the Yamhill formation 01:00:41.000 --> 01:00:42.000 Yamhill and the em 01:00:42.000 --> 01:00:43.000 Hill formation 01:00:43.000 --> 01:00:45.000 way with river luvium where we 01:00:45.000 --> 01:00:48.000 are just upstream we get into 01:00:48.000 --> 01:00:50.000 exposure of the sill the a 01:00:50.000 --> 01:00:52.000 sills so that represents the 01:00:52.000 --> 01:00:54.000 the edge of this igneous body 01:00:54.000 --> 01:00:55.000 is very hard and durable the 01:00:55.000 --> 01:00:56.000 river's been working up against 01:00:56.000 --> 01:00:58.000 that actually makes the 01:00:58.000 --> 01:00:60.000 nick point so it's not a it's 01:01:00.000 --> 01:01:01.000 a contact boundary between the 01:01:01.000 --> 01:01:04.000 hard durable igneous intrusive 01:01:04.000 --> 01:01:06.000 and less soft sedimentery in 01:01:06.000 --> 01:01:07.000 alluvial deposits that's what 01:01:07.000 --> 01:01:09.000 actually creates the durable 01:01:09.000 --> 01:01:10.000 boundary and then that whole 01:01:10.000 --> 01:01:13.000 boundary based on the lidar 01:01:13.000 --> 01:01:14.000 seeing seeing what appears 01:01:14.000 --> 01:01:17.000 to be a relict nick point 01:01:17.000 --> 01:01:19.000 downstream with the two hundred 01:01:19.000 --> 01:01:20.000 seventy five meters I told 01:01:20.000 --> 01:01:22.000 you about it appears that Nick 01:01:22.000 --> 01:01:24.000 point is been migrating over 01:01:24.000 --> 01:01:25.000 about the last million and a 01:01:25.000 --> 01:01:27.000 half years retreating to its 01:01:27.000 --> 01:01:30.000 present position it turns out 01:01:30.000 --> 01:01:31.000 that gap grows very durable 01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:33.000 it holds up that igneous rock 01:01:33.000 --> 01:01:34.000 Holds up all the highest 01:01:34.000 --> 01:01:36.000 peaks in the coast range in 01:01:36.000 --> 01:01:39.000 this area laurel mountain all 01:01:39.000 --> 01:01:41.000 the way down monmouth peak down 01:01:41.000 --> 01:01:42.000 down to kings valley up in the 01:01:42.000 --> 01:01:46.000 highlands there Mary's peak 01:01:46.000 --> 01:01:48.000 all of the highest read highest 01:01:48.000 --> 01:01:49.000 mountain peaks are held up 01:01:49.000 --> 01:01:51.000 by this durable cap rock this 01:01:51.000 --> 01:01:53.000 these igneous sills 01:01:53.000 --> 01:01:55.000 these intrusions they're very 01:01:55.000 --> 01:01:56.000 durable the sedimentary rocks 01:01:56.000 --> 01:01:58.000 tend to weather and erode 01:01:58.000 --> 01:01:60.000 quicker they're not as durable 01:02:00.000 --> 01:02:02.000 against the time and erosion 01:02:02.000 --> 01:02:06.000 Of hill slope and river erosion 01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:08.000 so that is that is the nick point 01:02:08.000 --> 01:02:11.000 that is the falls at FallsCity 01:02:11.000 --> 01:02:13.000 igneous rock forming the Falls 01:02:13.000 --> 01:02:16.000 durable retreating slowly and 01:02:16.000 --> 01:02:18.000 fitfully at an estimated that 01:02:18.000 --> 01:02:20.000 this would be a proper estimate 01:02:20.000 --> 01:02:21.000 of about two hundred million 01:02:21.000 --> 01:02:23.000 meters per million years two 01:02:23.000 --> 01:02:24.000 football fields every million 01:02:24.000 --> 01:02:28.000 years sounds reasonable to me 01:02:28.000 --> 01:02:29.000 so some concluding statements 01:02:29.000 --> 01:02:31.000 Luckiamute watershed is underlain 01:02:31.000 --> 01:02:32.000 by four distinct lithospatial 01:02:32.000 --> 01:02:34.000 Spacial domains each with 01:02:34.000 --> 01:02:37.000 unique bedrock composition and 01:02:37.000 --> 01:02:39.000 resulting landscape elements 01:02:39.000 --> 01:02:42.000 the Luckiamute river basin is situated 01:02:42.000 --> 01:02:43.000 in central Oregon coast range 01:02:43.000 --> 01:02:45.000 which has a long history of 01:02:45.000 --> 01:02:48.000 tectonic convergence uplift 01:02:48.000 --> 01:02:51.000 defamation and erosional incision 01:02:51.000 --> 01:02:53.000 this mountain range is emerging 01:02:53.000 --> 01:02:55.000 And we are cutting up against it 01:02:55.000 --> 01:02:57.000 three little luckiamute falls 01:02:57.000 --> 01:02:58.000 the fall city represents 01:02:58.000 --> 01:02:60.000 Nick points set on erosional 01:03:00.000 --> 01:03:01.000 resistant igneous intrusive with 01:03:01.000 --> 01:03:04.000 evidence of headward migration 01:03:04.000 --> 01:03:05.000 over the past one to two 01:03:05.000 --> 01:03:09.000 million years and four sipnscientists 01:03:09.000 --> 01:03:10.000 science at the bread board 01:03:10.000 --> 01:03:16.000 is a sweet gig thank you 01:03:16.000 --> 01:03:20.000 Luckiamute watershed council 01:03:20.000 --> 01:03:23.000 community and making the watershed a prominent 01:03:23.000 --> 01:03:25.000 place in the state